Khóa luận A study on compound nouns in the novel “jane eyre” by charlotte bronte

Nội dung text: Khóa luận A study on compound nouns in the novel “jane eyre” by charlotte bronte

1. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG ISO 9001 : 2008 KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH NGOẠI NGỮ HẢI PHÒNG - 2010
2. HAIPHONG PRIVATE UNIVESITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE NOVEL “JANE EYRE” BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE By: DƯƠNG THỊ NGÂN Class: NA1004 Supervisor: ĐẶNG THỊ VÂN, M.A HAI PHONG - 2010
3. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinh viên: Mã số: Lớp: Ngành: Tên đề tài:
4. Nhiệm vụ đề tài 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp ( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ). 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán. 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp.
5. CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Người hướng dẫn thứ hai: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày 12 tháng 04 năm 2010 Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành xong trước ngày 10 tháng 07 năm 2010 Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Sinh viên Người hướng dẫn Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 HIỆU TRƯỞNG GS.TS.NGƯT Trần Hữu Nghị
6. PHẦN NHẬN XÉT TÓM TẮT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp: 2. Đánh giá chất lượng của khóa luận (so với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán số liệu ): 3. Cho điểm của cán bộ hướng dẫn (ghi bằng cả số và chữ): Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 Cán bộ hướng dẫn (họ tên và chữ ký)
7. NHẬN XÉT ĐÁNH GIÁ CỦA NGƯỜI CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP 1. Đánh giá chất lượng đề tài tốt nghiệp về các mặt thu thập và phân tích tài liệu, số liệu ban đầu, giá trị lí luận và thực tiễn của đề tài. 2. Cho điểm của người chấm phản biện : (Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ) Ngày tháng năm 2010 Người chấm phản biện
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS From bottom of my heart, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to many people helping and encouraging me enthusiastically in preparing and completing the graduation paper. First of all, I would like to express my heart felt thanks to Mrs. Dang Thi Van, (MA), my supervisor, who has given me many valuable guidance, correction and advices for my research. Also, I would like to thank Mrs. Tran Thi Ngoc Lien - Dean of Foreign Language Department for her help during my completion of the paper. Next, I am also grateful to all teachers at Hai Phong Private University, whose support and advices has improved my study. Last but not least, I owe sincere thanks to all members of my family and friends for whatever they supported and encouraged me both mentally and physically in the progress of writing this graduation paper. I know my graduation paper still keeping mistakes for my shortcomings. I would like to receive your comments, suggestions and corrections for the perfect of my own graduation paper. Hai Phong, June 2010 Duong Thi Ngan
9. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Part one: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study 2. Aims of the study. 3. Methods of the study. 4. Scope of the study. 5. Design of the study. Part two: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I. 1. Noun in English. . I. 1 .1. Definition. I. 1. 2. Classification. I. 1. 2.1. Classification by meaning. 1. Common noun. 2. Proper noun. 3. Abstract nouns. 4. Concrete noun 5. Collective noun. I. 1. 2. 2. Classification by structure: 1. Simple nouns. 2. Compound nouns. 3. Complex nouns. I. 1. 2. 3 Classification by relationship with other components like case, gender, number 1. Singular nouns and plural nouns. 2. Countable nouns and uncountable nouns. 3. Nouns of masculine, feminine, common and neuter gender. I.1.3 Grammatical functions.
10. 1. Noun as Subject (S). 2. Noun as Direct Object (Od). 3. Noun as Indirect Object (Oi). 4. Noun as Subject Complement (Cs). 5. Noun as Object Complement (Co). 6. Noun as Adverbial (A). I. 2. Compound noun in English: I. 2.1. What is compounding? I. 2. 2. Definition of compound nouns. I. 2. 3. Characteristics of compound nouns. 1. Structurally, a compound noun consists of at least two root morphemes. 2. The components of a compound noun can be simple or derived word and even other compound words. 3. The function of compound nouns. 4. Common English compound nouns. I. 2. 4. Classification of compound nouns. I. 2. 4. 1.According to the meaning. 1. Non-idiomatic compound nouns. 2. Idiomatic compound nouns. I. 2. 4. 2. According to componential relationship. 1. Coordinative compound nouns. 2. Subordinative compound nouns. I. 2. 4. 3. According to the compositional types. 1. Compound noun formed by juxtaposition. 2. Compound noun formed by morphological mean. 3. Compound noun formed by syntactical mean. 4. Compound noun formed by both morphological and syntactical means. I. 2. 4. 4. Word-class combination compound nouns. I. 2. 5. Miscellanea of compound nouns. 1. Derivational compound nouns.
11. 2. Reduplicative compound nouns. 3. Faded compound nouns. 4. Dead compound nouns. 5. Compound noun formed by “prepositional adverb”. I. 2. 6. Criteria of compound nouns. 1. Phonological criterion. 2. Inseparability criterion. 3. Graphic criterion (spelling criterion). 3. 1. The “solid” or “closed” form. 3. 2. The hyphenated form. 3. 3. The “open” or “spaced” form (as two separated words). 4. Semantic criterion. CHAPTER TWO: A STUDY ON COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE NOVEL “JANE EYRE” BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE. II. 1 General view of compound nouns in the novel “Jane Eyre”. II. 2. The frequency of compound nouns in the novel “Jane Eyre”: II. 2. 1. Coordinative and subordinative compound nouns. 1. Coordinative compound nouns. 2. Subordinative compound nouns. II. 2. 2. Non-idiomatic compound nouns and idiomatic compound nouns. 1. Non-idiomatic compound nouns. 2. Idiomatic compound nouns. II. 2. 3. Compositional types of compound nouns. 1. Compound nouns formed by juxtaposition. 2. Compound nouns formed by morphological mean. 3. Compound nouns formed by syntactical mean. 4. Compound nouns formed by both morphological and syntactical means. II. 2. 4. Word-class combination compound nouns. 1. Noun-noun compound nouns. 2. Noun-verb compound nouns.
12. 3. Noun-adverb compound nouns. 4. Verb-noun compound nouns. 5. Verb-adverb compound nouns. 6. Adjective-noun compound nouns. 7. Adjective-verb compound nouns. 8. Adverb-noun compound nouns. 9. Adverb-verb compound nouns. 10. Verb-verb compound nouns. II. 2. 5. Miscellanea of compound nouns. 1. Derivational compound nouns. 2. Reduplicative compound nouns. 3. Faded compound nouns. 4. Dead compound nouns. 5. Compound noun formed by “prepositional adverb”. II. 3. The effectiveness of using compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre". CHAPTER THREE: SOME PROBLEMS RELATED TO COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE NOVEL "JANE EYRE" III. 1. Misunderstanding the meaning of compound nouns. III. 2. Getting difficulties in distinguish compound nouns and other word classes. III. 3. Confusing when translating compound nouns from English into Vietnamese: III. 4. Some suggested solutions. 1. Phonological criterion. 2. Inseparability criterion. 3. Semantic criterion. 4. Graphic criterion. Part three: CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX Exercises Key
13. PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study. Nowadays, English becomes the most widely used language in the world, 80% of world information stored in English (vietbao.vn/Giao-duc/Tieng-Anh-thong-tri-the-gioi/30174410/202/). English also is an international language used in all aspects like: education, medicine, economy, science, tourism, culture, etc. In my opinion, English is not easy but very profound and interesting to study. English learners always understand that in our life, English is vital. Thanks to English, different nations with different languages and culture could close together. Grammar is an essential part of every language. L.G Alexander (2009:p1) denoted that we should learn grammar because "there is no point in learning grammar for the sake of learning grammar. Grammar is the support system of communication and we learn it to communicate better. Grammar explains the "why" and "how" of language. We learn it because we just can't do without it." In English, nouns account most proportion and types of nouns are various but compound nouns seem to be most attractive. Literature is not only vital spiritual of people but also serves as one of the best ways for better understanding between nations. The novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte, one of four famous works we learnt in the subject "English-American literature", was written with many compound nouns. With students of English, recognizing and analyzing compound nouns is not simple and may cause some problems. Therefore, I choose “a study on compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte" as title of my graduation paper. I hope that the study could show English learners the characteristics and the usage of compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre".
14. 2. Aims of the study. My study aims to: Provide learners some characteristics and classification of compound nouns in order to facilitate the effective use of these compound nouns. Point out the structure of compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre" to classify these compound nouns more easily and exactly. Find out the frequency of compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre" to hypothesize the presence of these compound nouns in this novel. Identify some problems related to compound nouns used in the novel "Jane Eyre" and give some suggested solutions to overcome. 3. Methods of the study. The method of the study is data collection. First, data was collected from the reference books as well as internet to have useful information. For instance, the researcher read some reference books to find out definitions that are necessary for "chapter one: Theoretical background"; and many examples as well. The data is then analyzed in order to show the frequency of compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre". Furthermore, from analyzing the frequency of compound nouns in the novel, some possible problems are identifide. Basing on the researcher's knowledge and experience, some solutions to these problems are point out. 4. Scope of the study. I could not take a study on all issues related to compound nouns because of my knowledge and experience. Furthermore, I could not take a study on all literature works due to the time frame. So, my study only focuses on compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre". The study expresses the general view on compound nouns, frequency and their effectiveness in the novel "Jane Eyre". 5. Design of the study. My study includes three main parts but the second is the most important one. The first, INTRODUCTION, presents about rationale, aims, methods, scope, and the design of the study.
15. The second, DEVELOPMENT, consists of three following chapters: Chapter one shows an overview of some theoretical concepts such as definition, classification of noun; and definition, classification and criteria of English compound nouns. Chapter two gives an investigation into compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre". Chapter three highlights some problems related to compound nouns in the novel and some suggested solutions to these problems. The third, CONCLUSION, summaries the study mentioned above.
16. PART TWO: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROND I. 1. Noun in English. I. 1. 1. Definition. The term "noun" seems to be a simple concept but in fact, it quite difficult to define. In process of studying, I found some definitions of noun: Randolph Quirk (1987:p21) defined nouns as "entities that are regarded as stable, whether these are concrete (physical) like house, table, paper, or abstract (of the mind) like hope, botany, length”. Richard Nordquist denoted that noun is the part of speech (or word class) that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action. Adjective: nominal. A noun can function as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or an appositive ( Noun is a content word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality or action Noun is the word class that can serve as a subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition or in apposition. ( In the first definition, noun was defined by meaning and in the second one; it was defined by grammatical functions. A word used as the designation or appellation of a creature or thing, existing in fact or in thought; a substantive. ( In linguistics, a noun is a member of a large, open lexical category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject or clause. ( A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn.
17. ( So, noun can be defined like that "a noun is a word belonging to "open- class" and referring to a person, place, thing, quality or action. Note: “Open-class" items belong to a class in that they have the same grammatical properties and structural possibility as Other member of the class but it is indefinitely extendable. "Open-class" is contrary to "closed-system". "Open-class" includes noun, verb, adjective, and adverb; meanwhile, "closed-system" embraces article, demonstrative, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. I. 1. 2. Classification. Do Thanh Loan (2003; p9) divided nouns into these following types by two ways of classification: I. 1. 2. 1. Classification by meaning: 1. Common noun. A common noun is a word that names people, places, things, or ideas. They are not the names of a single person, place or thing. A common noun begins with a lowercase letter unless it is at the beginning of a sentence. E.g.: People:-Man, girl, boy, mother, father, child, person, teacher, student Animals:-Cat, dog, fish, ant, snake Things:-Book, table, chair, phone Places:-School, city, building, shop Ideas:-Love, hate, idea, pride ( 2. Proper noun. Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the words which name specific people, organizations or places. They always start with a capital letter.
18. E.g.: Each part of a person's name is a proper noun:-Lynne Hand - Elizabeth Helen Ruth Jones The names of companies, organizations or trade marks:-Microsoft - Rolls Royce - the Round Table - WWW Given or pet names of animals:-Lassie Trigger Sam The names of cities and countries and words derived from those proper nouns:-Paris - London - New York - England - English Geographical and Celestial Names:-The Red Sea - Alpha Centauri - Mars Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms: - The Taj Mahal - The Eiffel Tower - Room 222 Historical events, documents, laws, and periods: - The Civil War - the Industrial Revolution - World War I Months, days of the week, holidays: - Monday - Christmas - December Religions, deities, scriptures:- God - Christ - Jehovah - Christianity - Judaism - Islam - the Bible - the Koran - the Torah Awards, vehicles, vehicle models and names, brand names:- The Nobel Peace Prize - the Scout Movement - Ford Focus - the Bismarck - Kleenex – Hoover ( 2. Abstract nouns. An abstract noun is a noun that you cannot sense; it is the name we give to an emotion, ideal or idea. They have no physical existence, you can't see, hear, touch, smell or taste them E.g.: Justice; an idea, bravery and happiness are all abstract nouns. ( An abstract noun is a type of noun that refers to something a person cannot physically interact with. A noun is a person, place or thing. However, in many cases, the 'thing' might be an intangible concept, which means it is an abstract form of noun.
19. In this instance, abstract means to exist apart from concrete existence. A noun that is abstract is an aspect, concept, idea, experience, state of being, trait, quality, feeling, or other entity that cannot be experienced with the five senses. E.g.: Emotions/Feelings: love, hate, anger, peace, pride, sympathy States/Attributes: bravery, loyalty, honesty, integrity, compassion, success Ideas/Concepts/Ideals: beliefs, dreams, justice, truth, faith Movements/Events: progress, education, trouble, leisure, friendship ( 4. Concrete noun A concrete noun is the name of something or someone that we experience through our senses, sight, hearing, smell, touch or taste. Most nouns are concrete nouns. The opposite of a concrete noun is an abstract noun. E.g.: Examples of Concrete Nouns Common Concrete Nouns dog, cat, girl, plate air, water etc. singular -chair, computer, song, window Countable Concrete Nouns plural - chairs, computers, songs, windows Uncountable Concrete Nouns water, air, oil, sugar, salt, rice, cheese etc. Proper Nouns Mr. Mike Jones, Tom Brown, Audrey Ryan ( 5. Collective noun. In linguistics, a collective noun is a word used to define a group of objects, where objects can be people, animals, emotions, inanimate things, concepts, or other things. E.g.: A gaggle (of geese), a convoy (of lorries), a team (of football), a group (of people) (
20. I. 1. 2. 2. Classification by structure: 1. Simple nouns. Simple noun is a single noun formed by only one roots. The simple noun may be the word formed by affixation. E.g.: 1)Leather, bread, meat, flour, thread, wheel ( 2. Compound nouns Compound noun is a noun formed by compounding. There are at least 2 roots in the compound noun. E.g.: housekeeper, shop assistant, post office, hanger-on, inside 3. Complex nouns. Complex noun phrases contain three components: pre-modification, head noun and post-modification. The head noun is the central element and core component of the complex noun phrase. Pre-modification, also called pre-modifiers, including modifiers that stand before the head noun. Pre-modifiers can be closed-system and/or open-class items. The third important component of a complex noun phrase is post- modification, called post-modifiers, comprising all the items placed after the head. These post-modifiers are mainly realized by prepositional phrases, finite clauses (or relative clauses), nonfinite clauses, adjective phrases, noun phrases or adverbial phrases: E.g.: Premodification Head Postmodification prediterminer determiner postdeterminer which Mr. Mark decorated the house yesterday all the students in the class the last shirts sole both their English books on the table (
21. I.1.2.3 Classification by relationship with other components like case, gender, number Apart from these above classifications, we also see that nouns may be: 1. Singular nouns and plural nouns. When a noun means one only, it is said to be singular. The singular form of a noun refers to one person, place or thing. The plural form of the noun refers to two or more persons, places or things. Lamp lamps Cat cats Fork forks Flower flowers Pen pens ( 2. Countable nouns and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "book". We can count books. We can have one, two, three or more books. Here are some more countable nouns: dog, cat, animal, man, person bottle, box, liter coin, note, dollar cup, plate, fork table, chair, suitcase, bag ( Countable nouns can be singular or plural: My dog is playing. My dogs are hungry. (
22. Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "sugar". We can count "bottles of sugar" or "kilos of sugar", but we cannot count "sugar" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns: music, art, love, happiness advice, information, news furniture, luggage rice, milk, butter, water electricity, gas, power money, currency (http:// englishclub.com/grammar/nouns-un-countable_1.htm) We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example: This news is very important. Your luggage looks heavy. ( 3. Nouns of masculine, feminine, common and neuter gender: Masculine gender: Noun is said to be in the Masculine gender if it refers to a male character or member of a species. Man, lion, hero, boy, king, horse and actor are nouns of masculine gender. E.g.: • A boy is playing in the play-ground. • Hero of the movie is not a native of this country. ( In these sentences the words “boy” and “hero” are masculine-gender nouns. Feminine gender: A noun is said to be in the feminine gender if it refers to a female member of a species.
23. Woman, lioness, heroine, girl, mare, niece, empress, cow and actress are few of the feminine-gender nouns that we use. E.g.: A girl is playing in the play-ground. Heroine of the movie is not a native of this country. ( In these sentences the words “girl” and “heroine” are feminine-gender nouns. Common gender: A noun is said to be in Common gender if it refers to a member of species which can be a male or a female. Child, student, friend, applicant, candidate, servant, member, parliamentarian and leader are few of the common-gender nouns. Eg: • A child is playing in the play-ground. • A Parliamentarian should have command over his language. ( In these sentences the words, “child” and “parliamentarian” are nouns of common gender. Neuter gender: A noun is said to be in the neuter gender if it refers to a member of a species which is neither a male nor a female. Normally nouns referring to lifeless objects are in neuter nouns. Eg: Chair, table, tree, star, mountain, street, book, car, school, paper, pencil, computer Here are some sentences: • Computer has brought about drastic changes in our lives. • Tree is cleansing the air. • Stars are not visible in the day-time. • Books are our best friends. (
24. In these sentences the words, “computer”, “tree”, “stars” and “books” are the neuter-gender nouns. I.1.3 Grammatical functions. In a clause or phrase, noun always plays an important role because it is the main word determining the meaning of the whole clause or phrase. Noun can be prepositional object. Eg: They are talking about the football team. She is a girl with blue eyes. In a sentence noun can be Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Subject Complement, Object Complement, or Adverbial. Here are some examples: 1. Noun as Subject (S). The speeding hotrod crashed into a telephone pole. Ron's bathroom is a disaster. The bathroom tiles are fuzzy with mold. The big, hungry, green Martian grabbed a student from the back row. Around the peach trees are several buzzing bumblebees ( 2. Noun as Direct Object (Od). Zippy and Maurice played soccer with a grapefruit pulled from a backyard tree. Zippy accidentally kicked Maurice in the shin. Gus bought contact lenses because he wanted to see the beautiful Miranda, his lab partner, more clearly. Heaping his plate with fried chicken, Clyde winked at Delores, the cook. To see magnified blood cells, Gus squinted into the microscope on the lab table. ( 3. Noun as Indirect Object (Oi).
25. They sent him a postcard. ( (grammar)) 4. Noun as Subject Complement (Cs). The lake was a tranquil pool. ( 5. Noun as Object Complement (Co). They elected him president The people made Ambrose bishop. ( .htm) We consider our puppy our baby. My aunt calls my uncle sweetheart. America recently elected Barack Obama president. ( 6. Noun as Adverbial (A). Today the children woke up early. Yesterday the children slept in late. We decided to go home. (languagestudy.suite101.com/article.cfm/english_nouns_and_noun_phrases) I. 2. Compound noun in English: I. 2.1. What is compounding? Compounding is the process of building a new word by joining two or more words together. In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation).
26. Compounding or Word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation. ( (linguistics)) Eg: Compound nouns: The words tooth and paste are each nouns in their own right, but if you join them together, they form a new word - toothpaste. The word black is an adjective and board is a noun, but if you join them together they form a new word - blackboard. ( I. 2. 1. Definition of compound nouns. A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives. Compound noun is the noun formed by compounding. E.g.: housekeeper, blackboard, stop-watch, countryside, question-word I.2.3. Characteristics of compound nouns. 1. Structurally, a compound noun consists of at least two root morphemes. Schoolroom = school + room Armchair= arm + chair Mother tongue = mother + tongue Compound noun = compound + noun Subject complement = subject + complement 2. The components of a compound noun can be simple or derived word and even other compound words.
27. Blackboard = simple word + simple word Goalkeeper = simple word + derived word Drawing-room door = compound noun + simple word Laptop keyboard = compound noun + compound noun 3. The function of compound noun. Because compound noun is the noun, compound noun can function in a sentence as Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Subject Complement, Object Complement, E.g.: 1. Table tennis is my favorite sport. (S) 2. My father likes football. (Od) 3. I want to send my friend the thank-you letter. (Oi) 4. My mother is a shop assistant. (Cs) 5. People consider the teachers as spirit engineer. (Co) 6. Jane doesn‟t want to come back the hometown. (A) 4. Common English compound nouns. Normally, English compound nouns have two items: determinatum and determinant. Determinatum: basic part, express a general meaning. Determinant: determining part. Compound noun Determinatum determinant housekeeper Keeper House Passer-by Passer By Dancing girl Girl Dancing Wedding-dress Dress Wedding Window curtain Curtain window I.2.4. Classification of compound nouns. I. 2. 4. 1.According to the meaning.
28. 1. Non-idiomatic compound nouns. Non-idiomatic compound nouns are compound nouns whose meanings are deduced from the meaning of the components. E.g.: Goalkeeper = player who stands in the goal Ghost story = the story about ghost Income tax = the tax on income Lunch time = time for lunch Cheese cake = the cake that made of cheese 2. Idiomatic compound nouns. Idiomatic compound nouns are those whose meanings can not be deduced from the meaning of the components because there is no relationship between the meanings of the components. E.g.: Black sheep: (There is no relationship between the meaning of “black” and “sheep” : is not a sheep with black color is the person who bring shame to his family Bluebottle = a fly- one kind of inject (not a bottle with blue color) Nightmare = frightening dream Teach-in = seminar Get-up = style or arrangement of dress Talking-to = lecture I.2.4.2. According to componential relationship. 1. Coordinative compound nouns. Coordinative compound nouns are those whose components are both structurally and semantically independent. E.g.: Ping-pong = a game (trademark Ping-Pong) resembling tennis but played on a table with paddles and a light hollow ball.
29. Parent-teacher = parent and teacher Outset = the time at which something is supposed to begin Master-servant = master and servant Output = what is produced in a given time period Income = the financial gain (earned or unearned) accruing over a given period of time Outlay =the act of spending or disbursing money 2. Subordinative compound nouns. Subordinative compound nouns are those characterized by the domination of one component over the other. Normally, the second component is the structural centre, the determinatum and the first component is the determinant. E.g.: Policeman # postman “Police” and “post” is determinant “Man” is the structural centre However, there are some special cases, in which the first component is the structural centre, the determinatum and the second component is the determinant. E.g.: Compound structural determinant meaning noun centre a person who passes by Passer-by passer by casually/chance someone who persistently (and Hanger-on hanger on annoyingly) follows along Looker-on looker on someone who looks on I. 2. 4. 3. According to the compositional types: 1. Compound noun formed by juxtaposition. They are compound nouns formed without connecting elements.
30. E.g.: Bookstore = book + store Hangman = hang + man Dog-ear = dog + ear Breakfast = break + fast Bath house = bath + house We can see that in the above samples, there are no connecting elements. 2. Compound noun formed by morphological mean. They are compound nouns formed by using linking elements such as consonant or vowel. E.g.: Compound noun Linking element spokesman Consonant „s‟ tradesman Consonant „s‟ Agro-forestry Vowel „o‟ handicraft Vowel „i‟ 3. Compound noun formed by syntactical mean. They are compound nouns formed by using a group of words condensed into one word. Compound noun formed by syntactical mean may includes different part of speech. E.g.: Mother-in-law (noun + preposition + noun) Merry-go-round (adjective + verb + noun) Forget-me-not (verb + pronoun + adverb) 4. Compound noun formed by both morphological and syntactical means. They are compound nouns formed by using phrase turn into compound noun by mean of suffixation. E.g.:
31. Compound noun Suffixation Drawing-room „ing‟ Dancing girl „ing‟ Teenager „er‟ Housekeeper „er‟ Hanger-on „er‟ I. 2. 4. 4. Word-class combination compound nouns. Here are some kinds of compound nouns formed by word-class combination: Type of compound noun Example noun + noun Bedroom, water tank motorcycle, printer cartridge noun + verb Rainfall, haircut, train-spotting noun + adverb hanger-on, passer-by verb + noun washing machine, driving license swimming pool verb + adverb Lookout, take-off drawback adjective + noun Greenhouse, software redhead adjective + verb dry-cleaning, public speaking adverb + noun Onlooker, bystander adverb + verb Output, overthrow upturn, input ( Note: Verb-verb compound nouns are not mentioned above because they are less common than others in language. E.g.: Make-believe = the enactment of a pretense Make-do = something contrived to meet an urgent need or emergency Make-work = active work of little value Go-slow = a form of protest by workers in which they deliberately slow down in order to cause problem from their employers Watch-guard = short chain or ribbon attaching a pocket watch to a man's vest
32. I.2.5. Miscellanea of compound noun. We see that types of compound nouns are various. Apart from the one previously investigated; there are some others that should be taken into consideration. 1. Derivational compound nouns. Derivational compound nouns are compound nouns whose structural integrity is ensured by a suffix. E.g.: Go-getter, goalkeeper, washing machine, taking-to 2. Reduplicative compound nouns. Reduplicative compound nouns are compound nouns built by imitating sounds or repeating one of their components in one way or another. E.g.: Ping-pong (a game (trademark Ping-Pong) resembling tennis but played on a table with paddles and a light hollow ball) Chit-chat = chitter-chatter (light informal conversation for social occasions), Walkie-talkie (small portable radio link (receiver and transmitter), Singsong (a regular and monotonous rising and falling intonation) 3. Faded compound nouns. Faded compound nouns are compound nouns whose compositional characteristics have been attenuated and hardly recognizable. They look like a single word than compound noun. E.g.: Breakfast, Sunday, birthday 4. Dead compound nouns. Dead compound nouns are those whose compositional characteristics can be discovered by etymological analysis only. E.g.:
33. Eng = Angles land England Hus = house Band = bond Husband Kid = child Nap = steal, arrest Kidnap This phenomenon is due to complete simplification. 5. Compound noun formed by “prepositional adverb”. Compound nouns formed by “prepositional adverb” are those whose final element are “preposition like adverbs”. E.g.: Teach-in, breakdown, give away, drop-out I.2.6. Criteria of compound nouns. 1. Phonological criterion. In English, there is a great tendency to give compound nouns a heavy stress on the first element. Most compound nouns are stressed on this pattern and the stress falls on the determinant. E.g.: ‘Sunrise, ‘tea pot, ‘gateman, ‘dining room, ‘schoolroom However, there are some compound nouns have double stress. E.g.: „Sleeping ‘bag, ‘carrier-‘pigeon, ‘look-‘out 2. Inseparability criterion. The components of a compound noun are indivisible. It is impossible to insert any other word between elements of a compound noun. Blackboard # black or white board Black sheep # black or white sheep Bluebottle # blue or red bottle These elements lose their grammatical independence and endings are added the whole word. E.g.: Boyfriends, doorsteps, for-get-me-nots, sons-in-law
34. Sometime, components of a compound noun can be separated. E.g.: Women and man teacher 3. Semantic criterion. The meaning of compound nouns may not be the sum of the meaning of components. E.g.: Greenhouse = a building with glass walls and roof; for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions # the house with green color Blackgold = petroleum # gold with black color 4. Graphic criterion (spelling criterion). In term of graphic criterion, compound nouns are classified into three kinds. 4. 1. The “solid” or “closed” form. The “solid” or “closed” form consists of short units that often have been established in the language for a long time and melded together. E.g.: Housewife, lawsuit, wallpaper, secondhand, notebook, make-up 4. 2. The hyphenated form. The hyphenated form are compound nouns built by using a hyphen(-) E.g.: Dog-grass, ping-pong, father-in-law, night-time 4. 3. The “open” or “spaced” form (as two separated words). The “open” or “spaced” form is the compound noun consisting of newer combinations of usually long word. E.g.: Drug stores, dry land, toe rose, human weakness, scissor merchants Note: Sometime, a compound noun is spelt in many ways: E.g.: Nightculb = night club Airline = air line = air-line
35. CHAPTER TWO: A STUDY ON COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE NOVEL “JANE EYRE” BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE II. 1 General view of compound nouns in the novel “Jane Eyre”. In the novel “Jane Eyre”, Charlotte Bronte used a lot of compound nouns. However, this is obscured by the fact that the written representation of long compound nouns always contains blank and short compound may be written in three different ways, which is present in the novel. In the novel "Jane Eyre", there are 1061 compound nouns, in which, the chapter accounting most compound nouns is chapter XXI with 53 compound nouns; and the chapters accounting least compound nouns are chapter XVII and XXXV with only 12 compound nouns. E.g.: “Blind as he was, smiles played over his face, joy dawned on his forehead: his lineaments softened and warmed” Bronte (1869; p450) “The hall was not dark, only by the high-hung bronze lamp: a warm glow suffused both it and the oak staircase” Bronte (1869; p117) These compound nouns are “solid” or “closed” form: E.g.: “Old times crowded fast back on me as I watched her bustling about— setting out the tea-tray with her best china, cutting bread and butter, toasting a tea- cake, and, between whiles, giving little Robert or Jane an occasional tap or push, just as she used to give me in former days.” (Bronte (1869: p231) They are combined by a hyphen (-). E.g.: “The man, the human being, broke the spell at one” (Bronte (1869: p112) “These eyes in the Evening Star- You must have seen in a dream” Bronte (1869; p127)
36. Normally, the meaning of a compound noun is specialization of the meaning of its head. The modifier (determinatum) limits the meaning of the head (determinant). This is most obvious in descriptive compound nouns, in which, the modifier is used in an attributive or appositional manner. However, I also found some compound nouns, in which, the semantic head is not explicitly expressed: E.g.: “The whole conversation ran on the breakfast, which one and all abused roundly.” Bronte (1869; p165) Breakfast: its meaning is not related to “break” and “fast”, it means the meal used in the morning/ the first meal of the day. “Diana announced that she would just give me time to get over the honey- moon, and then she would come and see me.” Bronte (1869; p463) Honeymoon: is not kind of moon, it is holiday taken by a newly married couple. We can find that there are all types of compound nouns in the novel “Jane Eyre”. II. 2. The frequency of compound nouns in the novel “Jane Eyre”: II. 2. 1. Coordinative and subordinative compound nouns. 1. Coordinative compound nouns I mentioned that the components of a coordinative compound noun are not structurally and semantically independent. So, coordinative compound nouns are not numerous and rarely appear in the novel “Jane Eyre”. E.g.: “This reproach of my dependence had become a vague sing-song in my ear; very painful and crushing, but only half intelligible”. Bronte (1869; p7)
37. 2. Subordinative compound nouns. Subordinative compound nouns are different from coordinative compound nouns because the meaning of the subordinative compound noun has dependent relationship between components. E.g.: “Long did the hours seem while I waited the departure of the company, and listened for the sound of Bessie's step on the stairs : sometimes she would come up in the interval to seek her thimble or her scissors, or perhaps to bring me something by way of supper — a bun or a cheese-cake—then she would sit on the bed while I ate it, and when I had finished, she would tuck the clothes round me, and twice she kissed me, and said, " Good night, Miss Jane.” Bronte (1869; p23) Cheese cake = the cake made of cheese The number of the subordinative compound nouns is much more than coordinative compound nouns. For instance, in the chapter II, I found only one coordinative compound noun but twenty two subordinative compound nouns. II. 2. 2. Non-idiomatic compound nouns and idiomatic compound nouns. 1. Non-idiomatic compound nouns. In the novel “Jane Eyre”, non-idiomatic compound nouns are quite common. For example, in the chapter X, I found twenty non-idiomatic compound nouns but only two idiomatic compound nouns. E.g.: “I stepped across the clean and quiet little street from the shoemaker‟s to the post office” Bronte (1869; p23) It is easy to understand the meaning of non-idiomatic compound nouns because it is deduced from the meaning of components. 2. Idiomatic compound nouns. In the novel, idiomatic compound nouns occur as not frequently as non- idiomatic compound nouns. For instance, in the chapter XX of the novel, I
38. discovered only two idiomatic compound nouns but more than thirty non-idiomatic compound nouns. E.g.: “THE next thing I remember is, waking up with a feeling as if I had had a frightful nightmare, and seeing before me ;i terrible red glare, crossed with thick black bars.” Bronte (1869; p13) “What did I do, Jane? I transformed myself into a Will-o'-the-wisp. Where did I go? I pursued wanderings as wild as those of the March-spirit.” Bronte (1869; p317) Nightmare = a terrifying or deeply upsetting dream Will-o’-the-wisp = a pale light sometimes seen at night over marshy ground The meaning of idiomatic compound nouns is difficult to realize as there is no relationship between the meanings of components. II. 2. 3. Compositional types of compound nouns. 1. Compound nouns formed by juxtaposition. Many words in the novel are connected together to build a new word/compound noun without linking element. By this way, compound nouns occupy a large number of compound nouns rather than other compositional types of compound noun. For example, in the chapter V, there are twenty eight per thirty three compound nouns formed by juxtaposition. And, in the chapter XXIII, there are sixteen per twenty one compound nouns formed by juxtaposition. E.g.: “The duration of each lesson was measured by the clock, which at last struck twelve. The superintendent rose: — " I have a word to address to the pupils," said she." Bronte (1869; p44) We can see that compound noun formed by this way is often subordinative compound noun.
39. 2. Compound nouns formed by morphological mean. Compound nouns formed by morphological mean are compound nouns formed by using vowel or consonant as connecting elements. Yet, compound noun formed by this way is not common that occur very little in the novel “Jane Eyre”. I discover only some compound nouns formed by this way. E.g.: "God had an errand for me; to bear which afar, to deliver it well, skill and strength, courage and eloquence, the best qualifications of soldier statesman, and orator, were all needed: for these all cenf- , in the good missionary" Bronte (1869; p371) "I was tormented by the contrast between my idea and my handiwork : in each case I had imagined something which I was quite powerless to realise." Bronte (1869; p127) In these above example, consonant„s‟ and vowel „i‟ are used as connecting elements. This type of compound noun is least popular. 3. Compound nouns formed by syntactical mean. Compound nouns formed by syntactical mean are those formed by condensing of a group of words to create one word. These compound nouns are also used in the novel “Jane Eyre” but with little number. E.g.: "Charity carried the friendless thing to the house of its rich, maternal relations; it was reared by an aunt-in-law, called (I come to names now) Mrs. Keed of Gateshead—you start—did you hear a noise?" Bronte (1869; p390) 4. Compound nouns formed by both morphological and syntactical means. These compound nouns were formed by suffixation. Compound nouns formed by both morphological and syntactical means used in the novel “Jane Eyre” with minuscule number.
40. E.g.: "Three times a day she studied a little book, which I found, on inspection, was a Common Prayer Book" Bronte (1869; p239) II. 2. 4. Word-class combination compound nouns. 1. Noun-noun compound nouns. Noun-noun compound nouns are compound nouns built by nouns. The components of this type compound noun are nouns only. In the noun-noun compound nouns, one of elements may be made from a verb+ "er" or a verb + "ing". The compound nouns formed by this way are most popular in the novel "Jane Eyre". For example, in the chapter XXV, there are twenty three noun-noun compound nouns per thirty compound nouns. E.g.: " Nonsense ! And is it that makes you so miserable ? Are you afraid now in daylight?" Bronte (1869; p18) In the chapter XXI, there are thirty two noun-noun compound nouns per fifty two compound nouns. E.g. "It was as still as a church on a week-day: the pattering rain en the forest leaves was the only sound audible in its vicinage." Bronte (1869; p444) 2. Noun-verb compound nouns. This kind of compound noun includes a noun + a verb. In the novel "Jane Eyre", noun-verb compound nouns are used with small number. E.g.: "Do you like this sunrise, Jane ? That sky with its high, and light clouds which are sure to melt away as the day waxes warm — this placid and balmy atmosphere ? " Bronte (1869; p219)
41. 3. Noun-adverb compound nouns. Noun-adverb compound nouns are compound nouns made by combination of a noun + a verb. I found that they are used in the novel "Jane Eyre" with small frequency. E.g. "A small breakfast-room adjoined the drawing-room" Bronte (1869; p219) 4. Verb-noun compound nouns. They are compound nouns including a verb + a noun. In the novel "Jane Eyre", this type of compound nouns is used with small number. E.g.: "I had a single little pearl ornament which Miss Temple gave me as a parting keepsake: I put it on, and then we went downstairs." Bronte (1869 p119) 5. Verb-adverb compound nouns. Verb-adverb compound nouns are compound nouns built from a verb + an adverb. In the novel “Jane Eyre”, verb-adverb compound nouns used with very small number. E.g. " It remains for me, then," he said, " to remember you in my prayers; and to entreat God for you, in all earnestness, that you may not indeed become a castaway." Bronte (1869; p427) “I was forgetting all his faults, for which I had once kept a sharp look-out.” Bronte (1869; p190) 6. Adjective-noun compound nouns. Adjective-noun compound nouns are those whose components are an adjective + an adverb. They also occur in the novel “Jane Eyre” but not frequently. E.g.:
42. "Scarcely less prominent was an ample, cushioned easy-chair near the head of the bed, also white, with a footstool before it; and looking, as I thought, like a pale throne" Bronte (1869; p8) 7. Adjective-verb compound nouns. Adjective-verb compound nouns are compound nouns made from an adjective + a verb. In the novel “Jane Eyre”, adjective-verb compound nouns appear with small number. E.g. "That woman, who has so abused your long-suffering—so sullied your name; so outraged your honour; so blighted your youth — is not your wife; nor are you her husband" Bronte (1869; p316) The feeling was not like an electric shock ; but it was quite as sharp, as strange, as startling: it acted on my senses as if their utmost activity hitherto had been but torpor; from which they were now summoned, and forced to wake. Bronte (1869; p316) 8. Adverb-noun compound nouns. Adverb-noun compound nouns are those whose elements are an adverb + a noun. I found that there are many compound nouns formed by this way in the novel “Jane Eyre”. E.g.: "I saw the outline of a form under the clothes, but the face was hid by the hangings: the nurse I had spoken to in the garden sat in an tasy chair, asleep; an unsnuffed candle burnt dimly on the table." Bronte (1869; p78) "At intervals, while turning over the leaves of my book, I studied the aspect of that winter afternoon. Afar, it offered a pale blank of mist and cloud; near, a scene of wet lawn and storm-beat shrub, with ceaseless rain sweeping away wildly before a long and lamentable blast".
43. Bronte (1869; p2) 9. Adverb-verb compound nouns. Adverb-verb compound nouns are compound nouns built from an adverb + a verb. They are rarely used in the novel “Jane Eyre”. E.g.: "When his first-born was put into his arms, he could see that the boy had inherited his own eyes, they once were—large, brilliant, and black." Bronte (1869; p466) "I must not forget that these coarsely-clad little peasants are of flesh and blood as good as the scions of gentlest genealogy ; and that the germs of native excellence, refinement, intelligence, kind feeling, are as likely to exist in their hearts as in those of the best-born" Bronte (1869; p368) 10. Verb-verb compound nouns. Verb-verb compound nouns compound nouns built by verbs. They appear in the novel “Jane Eyre” with little number. E.g.: "Hold the candle," said Mr. Rochester, and I took it; he fetched a basin of water from the wash-stand: " Hold that," said he." Bronte (1869; p212) II.2.5. Miscellanea of compound nouns. 1. Derivational compound nouns. They are compound nouns whose structural integrity is ensure by a suffix. In the novel "Jane Eyre", many derivational compound nouns are used: E.g.: "I will be a dressmaker: I will be a plain-work-woman ; I will be a servant, a nurse-girl, if I can be no better," I answered Bronte (1869; p358) 2. Reduplicative compound nouns.
44. This type of compound noun is compound noun built by imitating or repeating the sound of their components. Compound nouns formed by this way are used rarely in the novel "Jane Eyre". I found only one reduplicative compound noun in the novel. E.g. "This reproach of my dependence had become a vague sing-song in my ear; very painful and crushing, but only half intelligible." Bronte (1869; p7) 3. Faded compound nouns. It is difficult to realize this type of compound noun. In the novel, there are only some faded compound nouns. E.g.: "At intervals, while turning over the leaves of my book, I studied the aspect of that winter afternoon. Afar, it offered a pale blank of mist and cloud; near, a scene of wet lawn and storm-beat shrub, with ceaseless rain sweeping away wildly before a long and lamentable blast". Bronte (1869; p2) "The Sunday evening was spent in repeating, by heart, the Church Catechism, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh chapters of St. Matthew; and in listening to a long sermon, read by Miss Miller, whose irrepressible yawns attested her weariness" (Bronte (1869: p57) 4. Dead compound nouns. Dead compound nouns are used in the novel "Jane Eyre" with small number. E.g. "With Madame Freueric and her husband : she took care of me, but she is nothing related to me. I think she is poor, for she had not so fine a house as mama." Bronte (1869; p102)
45. "Here I walked about for a long time, feeling very strange, and mortally apprehensive of some one coming in and kidnapping me ; for I believed in kidnappers, their exploits having frequently figured in Bessie's fireside chronicles." Bronte (1869; p37) The compositional characteristics can be discovered only by etymological analysis. 5. Compound nouns formed by prepositional adverb. Compound nouns formed by prepositional adverb make borderline between compound nouns and set expressions. These compound nouns are also not much in the novel “Jane Eyre”. E.g.: "It remains for me, then," he said, " to remember you in my prayers; and to entreat God for you, in all earnestness, that you may not indeed become a castaway." Bronte (1869; p427) “I was forgetting all his faults, for which I had once kept a sharp look-out.” Bronte (1869; p190) II. 3. The effectiveness of using compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre". Charlotte Bronte used a lot of compound nouns in her novel "Jane Eyre". More than one thousand compound nouns were used in the novel with high frequency. The author used compound nouns to express new ideals or new concepts. Charlotte Bronte has her own way with different times of using compound nouns. Compound nouns showed the meaning of the word not only exactly but also adequately and concisely. E.g.: "Again I reflected: I scarcely knew what school was; Bessie sometimes spoke of it as a place where young ladies sat in the stocks, wore backboards, and were expected to be exceedingly genteel and precise : John Reed hated his school, and abused his master; but John Reed's tastes were no rule for mine, and if Bessie's accounts of school-
46. discipline (gathered from the young ladies of a family where she had lived before coming to Gateshead) were somewhat appalling', her details of certain accomplishments attained by these same young ladies were, I thought, equally attractive." Bronte (1869; p9) "What a miserable little poltroon had fear, engendered of unjust punishment, made of me in those days ! I feared to return to the nursery, and feared to go forward to the parlour; ten minutes I stood in agitated hesitation: the vehement ringing of the breakfast-room bell decided me ; I must enter." Bronte (1869; p26) "Take her away to the red-room, and lock her in there" Bronte (1869; p6) "The remains of my breakfast of bread and milk stood on the stone table, and having crumbled a morsel of roll, I was tugging at the sash to put out the crumbs on the window-sill, when Bessie came running upstairs into the nursery." Bronte (1869; p25) "School-discipline" is instead of "the discipline in the school". "Breakfast-room bell" is instead of "the bell of the room that uses for having breakfast". "Stone table" instead of "the table made of stone" "Red-room" in the novel is not the room with red color, it means the room uses to confine Jane when she makes mistake.
47. CHAPTER THREE: SOME PROBLEMS RELATED TO COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE NOVEL "JANE EYRE". III.1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of compound nouns. The meaning of the word depends on many factors such as context, the relationship with other words, components, aims of writer. So, misunderstanding of the meaning of compound nouns can occur, especially the meaning of idiomatic because there is no relationship between the meanings of the components. With idiomatic compound nouns in the novel, how to find the suitable meaning of the word sometimes makes learners get difficulties, leading to misunderstand the word meanings. Furthermore, some other compound nouns could cause misunderstanding. E.g.: "I cannot tell what sentiment haunted the quite solitary churchyard, with its inscribed headstone; its gate, its two trees, its low horizon, girdled by a broken wall, and its newlyrisen crescent, attesting the hour of even-tide." Bronte (1869; p3) The word "churchyard" is not "the ground in the church" but "crematory". "Take her away to the red-room, and lock her in there" Bronte (1869; p6) The word "red-room" is not "the room with red color" but "the room uses to confine Jane when she makes mistake" III. 2. Getting difficulties in distinguish compound nouns and other word classes. There are many kinds of compound nouns, and the form of compound noun is sometimes similar to other word classes'. So, distinguishing compound nouns and other word classes is quite difficult. In the novel, there are some compound nouns considered as free word group. E.g.: "It was a wet and windy afternoon : Georgiana had fallen asleep on the sofa over the perusal of a novel; Eliza was gone to attend a saint's-day service at the
48. new church — for in matters of religion she was a rigid formalist: no weather ever prevented the punctual discharge of what she considered her devotional duties; fair or foul, she went to church thrice every Sunday, and as often on week-days as there were prayers" Bronte (1869; p241) In addition, there are some free word group were considered as compound nouns. E.g.: "I lingered at the gates ; I lingered on the lawn; I paced backwards and forwards on the pavement: the shutters of the glass door were closed ; I could not see into the interior; and both my eyes and spirit seemed drawn from the gloomy house — from the grey hollow filled with rayless cells, as it appeared to me — to that sky expanded before me, — a blue sea absolved from taint of cloud ; the moon ascending it in solemn march ; her orb seeming to look up as she left the hill tops, from behind which she had come, far and farther below her, and aspired to the zenith, midnight- dark in its fathomless depth and measureless distance : and for those trembling stars that followed her course ; they made my heart tremble, my veins glow when I viewed them. Little things recall us to earth : the clock struck in the hall; that sufficed; I turned from moon and stars, opened a side-door, and went in." Bronte (1869; p116) However, compound noun itself can make learners misunderstand that it is not compound noun but simple noun. E.g.: "It revealed, too, a group near the mantelpiece: I had scarcely caught it, and scarcely become aware of a cheerful mingling of voices, amongst which I seemed to distinguish the tones of Adele, when the door closed." Bronte (1869; p117) "Next day new steps were to be taken : my plans could no longer be confined to my own breast; I must impart them in order to achieve their success. Having sought and obtained an audience of the superintendent, during the
49. noontide recreation, I told her I had a prospect of getting a new situation where the salary would be double what I now received (for, at Lowood, I only got 15/. per annum); and requested she would break the matter for me to Mr. Brocklehurst, or some of the committee, and ascertain whether they would permit me to mention them as references." Bronte (1869; p87) III. 3. Confusing when translating compound nouns from English into Vietnamese: Translating from English into Vietnamese is not easy because it depends on some elements like culture, circumstances, context Therefore, to have exact translation, learners may get confusion. In the novel "Jane Eyre", some compound nouns cause confusion when being translated from English into Vietnamese. E.g.: "When I was as old as you, I was a feeling fellow enough ; partial to the unfledged, unfostered, and unlucky; but fortune baa knocked me about since : she has even kneaded me with her knuckles, and now I flatter myself I am hard and tough aa :in Indian-rubber ball; pervious, though, through a chink or two still, and with one sentient point in the middle of the lump. Yes: does that leave hope for me?" Bronte (1869; p132) The word "Indian-rubber ball" could be understood as two ways: First, "the ball is made of rubber and the ball was made in India" (the rubber may not be grown in India) Second, "the ball is made of rubber and the rubber is grown in India" (the ball may not be made in India) III. 4. Some suggested solutions. To avoid misunderstanding the meaning of compound nouns, of course, we could find the meaning of the word from dictionary, internet or by guessing the word meaning through the context. An English compound noun is sometimes very difficult to realize, especially faded and dead compound nouns, compound nouns
50. formed by juxtaposition. In addition, distinguishing compound nouns and free word group could became problem because they may have same form. Therefore, some criteria will be given, as following: 1. Phonological criterion. We know that, compound nouns may be noun phrases which include a noun modified by adjectives. Stress is an important factor in pronunciation, so we can use it to recognize compound nouns. Normally, in a compound noun, the stress falls on the first element but in free word group, the stress falls on the second element. E.g. 'Red room: compound noun Red ‘room: free word group 2. Inseparability criterion. Compound nouns include at least two elements; we can not insert any more elements into compound noun. E.g. "Red-room" # "red and blue room" "Nightmare" # "night and day mare" 3. Semantic criterion. If the meaning of the nouns is not the sum of the meaning of their components, they are compound nouns. E.g. "Churchyard" # "church + yard" 4. Graphic criterion. Graphic can help learners realize compound nouns. We can use the spelling of a word group (noun phrase) to discriminate between compound nouns and other word classes. If the word is spelt with a hyphen or no separation, it is compound noun and in contrast, free word group is spelt with no hyphen or with separation. E.g.:
51. "She passed about five minutes each day in her mother's sick-room and no more." (Bronte (1869; p238) “Sickroom”: compound noun “Sick room”: free word group “Red-room”: compound noun “Red room”: free word group Note: We can use these above criteria to recognize compound noun but each criterion has both variation and objection. With compound nouns having double stress, phonological criterion can not be used to realize. E.g.: ‘Work-‘bag; ‘look-‘out; ‘messenger-‘pigeon in these sentences: “Ranged on benches down the sides of the room, the eighty girls sat motionless and erect: a quaint assemblage they appeared, all with plain locks combed from their faces, not a curl visible; in brown dresses, made high and surrounded by a narrow tucker about the throat, with little pockets of Holland (shaped something like a Highlander's purse) tied in front of their frocks, and destined to serve the purpose of a work-bag: all too wearing woolen stockings and country-made shoes, fastened with brass buckles.” Bronte (1869; p42) “I was forgetting all his faults, for which I had once kept a sharp look-out.” Bronte (1869; p190) “Once more on the road to Thornfield, I felt like the messenger-pigeon flying home.” Bronte (1869; p435) Therefore, the compound nouns in the novel must be found after all types of compound noun was identified. The researcher mentioned some possible problems and suggestions; however, the learners need some exercises to understand more about compound nouns.
52. PART THREE: CONCLUSION My study expresses a thorough look into the research on compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte, in which, a variety of issues are addressed. First, some relevant theoretical concepts including definition, classification, grammatical functions of noun as well as definition, classification and criteria of English compound nouns. The study also made attempts to find out the frequency of compound nouns in the novel "Jane Eyre" and hypothesize the presence of them in this novel. Each part of the study is mentioned its own content. The INTRODUCTION is about rationale, aims, methods, scope, and the design of the study. In the DEVELOPMENT, chapter one presents theoretical background, including "noun in English" and "English compound nouns". Chapter two is about the frequency of compound nouns and their effectiveness in the novel "Jane Eyre". Compound nouns also caused some problems such as misunderstanding of the meaning of compound nouns, getting difficulties in distinguish compound nouns and other word classes, confusing when translating compound nouns from English into Vietnamese. These things were mentioned in the chapter three. The researcher listed some solutions to these problems. The researcher also supplies some practices to enhance understanding of compound nouns. The CONCLUSION summaries all parts in the study In short, the researcher really hopes to receive readers support and comments in order to make the study more effective. Due to limitation of my knowledge and time, this paper could not go through all the aspects of compound nouns, just the frequency and their effectiveness of compound nouns in this novel. So, in order to get a more comprehensive understanding, The researcher hope that in the future the researcher would like to continue studying compound nouns but in other aspects that is “compound nouns in some English famous literature works”
53. REFERENCES 1. Alexander, L.G. (2009), Longman English Grammar Practice. Nha xuat ban Dong Nai 2. Bronte, C. (1869), Jane Eyre. London: Wateeloo Place 3. Chaplin, C. (2000), Grammar and Usage. Saddleback Educational Publ 4. Loan, Do Thanh. (2003), Hoi - Dap ve danh tu tieng Anh. Nha xuat ban Van hoa - Thong tin 5. Ha, Tran Thanh. (2008), Danh tu tieng Anh. Nha xuat ban Tu dien Bach khoa 6. Murray, L. (1829), An English Grammar. PhiluUlphia 7. Quirk, R. (1987), A University Grammar of English. Longman 8. Truong, Hoang Tat. (1993), Basic English lecxicology. Ha Noi Pedagogy and Foreign Language University Websites:
54. EXERCISES I. Comment on these following compound nouns: 1. “That afternoon lapsed in peace and harmony; and in the evening Bessie told me some of her most enchaining stories, and sang me some of her sweetest songs, Even for me life had its gleams of sunshine” Bronte (1869; p35) 2. “Oh, you are quite a lady, Miss Jane! I knew you would be: you will get on whether your relations notice you or not. There was something I wanted to ask you. Have you ever heard anything from your father's kinsfolk, the Eyres?" Bronte (1869; p90) 3. “These eyes in the Evening Star you must have seen in a dream. How could you make them look so clear, and yet not at all brilliant?” Bronte (1869; p127) II. Match the compound noun with its type: Compound nouns Types of compound noun A. Easy-chair 1. Coordinative B. Play things 2. Subordinative C. By-play 3. Adjective-noun D. Look-out 4. Derivational E. Messenger-pigeon 5. Verb-adverb III. How many compound nouns are there in these following paragraphs: 1. “I walked a little while on the pavement after tea, thinking of you; and I beheld you in imagination so near me, I scarcely missed your actual presence. I thought of the life that lay before me—your life, sir—an existence more expansive and stirring than my own: as much more so as the depths of the sea to which the brook runs, are than the shallows of its own strait channel. I wondered why moralists call this world a dreary wilderness: for me it blossomed like a rose. Just at sunset, the air turned cold and the sky cloudy: I went in. Sophie called me
55. upstairs to look at my wedding dress, which they had just brought; and under it in the box I found your present — the veil which, in your princely extravagance, you sent for from London: resolved, I suppose, since I would not have jewels, to cheat me into accepting something as costly. I smiled as I unfolded it, and devised how I would tease you about your aristocratic tastes and your efforts to masque your plebeian bride in the attributes of a peeress. I thought how I would carry down to you the square of unembroidered blond I had myself prepared as a covering for my low-born head, and ask if that was not good enough for a woman who could bring her husband neither fortune, beauty, nor connections. I saw plainly how you would look; and heard your impetuous republican answers, and your haughty disavowal of any necessity on your part to augment your wealth, or elevate your standing, by marrying either a purse or a coronet." Bronte (1869;p286) 2. “I did. Mr. Rochester, reading my countenance, saw I had done so. His fury was wrought to the highest: he must yield to it for a moment, whatever followed; he crossed the floor and seized my arm, and grasped my waist. He seemed to devour me with his flaming glance: physically, I felt, at the moment, powerless as stubble exposed to the draught and glow of a furnace — mentally, I still possessed my soul, and with it the certainty of ultimate safety. The soul, fortunately, has an interpreter — often an unconscious, but still a truthful interpreter — in the eye. My eye rose to his; and while I looked in his fierce face, I gave an involuntary sigh: his gripe was painful, and my over-tasked strength almost exhausted. “Never," said he, as he ground his teeth, "never was anything at once so frail and so indomitable. A mere reed she feels in my hand!" (And he shook me with the force of his hold.) "1 could bend her with my finger and thumb: and what good would it do if I bent, if I uptore, if I crushed her? Consider that eye: consider the resolute, wild, free thing looking out of it, defying me, with more than courage—with a stern triumph. Whatever I do with its cage, I cannot get at it—the savage, beautiful creature! If I tear, if I rend the slight prison, my outrage will only let the captive loose. Conqueror I might be of the house; but the inmate would escape to heaven before I
56. could call myself possessor of its clay dwelling-place. And it is you, spirit — with will and energy, and virtue and purity— that I want: not alone your brittle frame. Of yourself, you could come with soft flight and nestle against my heart, if you would: seized against your will you will elude the grasp like an essence—you will vanish ere I inhale your fragrance. Oh! Come, Jane, come!" Bronte (1869; p325)
57. KEYS I. 1. Sunshine: non-idiomatic, subordinative, derivational, noun-verb compound noun. 2. Kinsfolk: idiomatic, subordinative, derivational, noun-noun compound noun. 3. Evening Star: non-idiomatic, subordinative, derivational, noun-noun compound noun. II. A3 B2 C1 D5 E4 III. 1. 6 2. 4