Khóa luận A study on english expressions used in website design and equivalence in Vietnamese - Nguyen Thi Phi Nga

Nội dung text: Khóa luận A study on english expressions used in website design and equivalence in Vietnamese - Nguyen Thi Phi Nga

1. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG ISO 9001 : 2008 KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH: NGOẠI NGỮ HAI PHONG 2010
2. HAI PHONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE ISO 9001 : 2008 GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS USED IN WEBSITE DESIGN AND EQUIVALENCE IN VIETNAMESE By: Nguyễn Văn Cương Class: Na 1002 Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Phi Nga, MA HAI PHONG 2010
3. CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP Sinh viên: Mã số: Lớp: Ngành: Tên đề tài:
4. Nhiệm vụ đề tài 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp ( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ). 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán. 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp.
5. PHẦN NHẬN XÉT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 1. Thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp: 2. Đánh giá chất lượng của Đ.T.T.N (so với nội dung đã đề ra trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T.T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán giá trị sử dụng và chất lượng các bản vẽ) 3. Cho điểm của cán bộ hướng dẫn: ( Điểm ghi bằng chữ): Hải Phòng, ngày tháng . năm 2010 Cán bộ hướng dẫn chính ( Họ tên và chữ ký)
6. NHẬN XÉT ĐÁNH GIÁ CỦA CÁN BỘ CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP 1. Đánh giá chất lượng đề tài tốt nghiệp về thu thập và phân tích số liệu ban đầu, cơ sở lý luận chọn phương án tối ưu, cách tính toán chất lượng thuyết minh và bản vẽ, giá trị lý luận và thực tiễn đề tài. 2. Cho điểm của cán bộ phản biện ( Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ) Hải Phòng, ngày . tháng . năm 2010 Người chấm phản biện
7. CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP Người hướng dẫn Họ và tên : Học hàm học vị : Cơ quan công tác : Nội dung hướng dẫn : Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày .tháng .năm 2010 Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành trước ngày .tháng năm 2010 Đã nhận nhiệm vụ Đ.T.T.N Đã nhận nhiệm vụ Đ.T.T.N Sinh viên Cán bộ hướng dẫn Đ.T.T.N Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 HIỆU TRƯỞNG
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS From the bottom of my heart, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to many people helping and encouraging me enthusiastically in preparing and completing the graduation paper. First of all, I would like to express my heart felt thanks to Mrs. Nguyen Thi Phi Nga (MA) - my supervisor and Mr Vo Van Thuong – my teacher who has given me many valuable guidance, precious advice and cautious correction which help me much in completing this paper. Also, I would like to thank Ms. Tran Thi Ngoc Lien – Dean of Foreign Language Department for her help during my completion of the paper. Next, I am also grateful to all teachers at Hai Phong Private University whose support and advices has improved my study. Last but not least, I own sincere thanks to all members of my family and friends for whatever they supported and encouraged me both mentally and physically in the progress of writing this graduation paper. I know my graduation paper still keeping mistakes for my shortcomings. I would like to receive your comments, suggestions and corrections for the perfect of my own graduation paper. Hai Phong, July 2010 Nguyen Van Cuong
9. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART I: INTRODUCTION 12 1. Rationale of the study 12 2. Aims of the study 2 3. Scope of the study 2 4. Methods of the study 13 5. Design of the study 3 PART II: DEVELOPMENT 4 CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4 I_ Translation theory 4 1.1 Concepts of Translation and Equivalence in translation 4 1.1.1 Concepts of translation 4 1.1.2 Concepts of equivalence in translation 5 1.2 Translation methods 6 1.2.1 Word-to-word translation: 6 1.2.2 Literal translation: 6 1.2.3 Faithful translation: 7 1.2.4 Semantic translation: 7 1.2.5 Adaptation: 7 1.2.6 Free tranlation: 7 1.2.7 Idiomatic translation: 8 1.2.8 Communicative translation: 8 II_ Equivalence in translation 8 III_ESP in translation 20
10. 3.1 Concept of ESP: 20 3.2 Types of ESP: 21 IV_ Term in Website Design field 22 4.1 What is term? 22 4.2 The characteristics of terms 23 CHAPTER II: AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF WDT RELATING TO LANGUAGE OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC WEBSITE INTO VIETNAMESE. 23 I_ Typical Terms relating to Static Website 23 1.1 Definition and structure of HTML 23 1.1.1 Definition of HTML 24 1.1.2 Structure of an HTML 24 1.2 Typical Terms relating to HTML 24 II_ Typical Terms relating to Dynamic Website 32 2.1 Definition and structure of PHP 32 2.1.1 Definition of PHP 32 2.1.2 Structure of a PHP 33 2.2 Typical Terms relating to PHP 33 III_ Translation of common WDT abbreviations 36 IV_ Procedures that are employed to translate English WDT abbreviations into Vietnamese 44 4.1 Literal translation 45 4.2 Calque translation 47 4.3 Translation by using loan word 48 4.4 Translation by paraphrasing 49 4.4.1 Translation by paraphrasing using related word 49 4.4.2 Translation by paraphrasing using unrelated word 50
11. 4.5 Addition and omission 51 CHAPTER III: MAIN FINDINGS 51 I. Common Mistakes in understanding 52 II. Some suggestions 52 2.1 At Word level 52 2.1.1 Recognized translation 53 2.1.2 Translation by calque 53 2.1.3 Translation by paraphrasing 53 2.2 At above word level 54 2.2.1 Literal translation 54 2.2.2 Translation by paraphrasing 54 2.2.3 Translation by omission or addition 54 2.3 New terminologies 55 PART III: CONCLUSION 55 1. Summary of the study 55 2. Suggesions for further study 57 REFERENCES 57
12. PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study Nowadays, Internet has become the most ever powerful tool for man throughout the world. The Internet is a collection of various services and resources such as: communication, information, entertainment, business, education therefore knowledge of IT, Internet terms, website design terms (WDT) is very important and necessary for everyone. We are living in a technology – driven century where it is essential that people are familiar with relevant information technology terms. However, the learners as well as the readers sometimes feel much confused about translation Internet terms, IT terms and WDT thoroughly. Students in the process of acquiring this language are always aware that it greatly contributes to bring different nations with different languages and culture close together. And, I myself realize that Internet is not only of vital spiritual value of people but also serves as one of the best ways for better understanding between nations, especially in the globalization process. During my internship at Quang Binh Import & Export JSC, I have experienced opportunities contacting with a lot of Website Design Terms (WDT) I realize that it is necessary to study on WDT. I, an English-major, find it not easy for everybody but very interesting to study further this global language. The difficulties come from different factors including cultural, terminology usage and language in use; however, one of the parts that attract much of my attention is the working on the function language in use and expression in these terms which during the preliminary research, I myself found prominent. This causes readers certain difficulties in understanding and perceiving WDT. Therefore, it drives me to conduct a more thorough study on the problem. I hope that from the comparative study between English and Vietnamese terms in website, we can find similarities and also differences. Website makes it simple and easy to gather information when you are
13. searching through the Internet. You will find endless amounts of information, about everything, and all at your fingertips. The Internet is the largest source of knowledge in the world. With the hope that this study can be useful material, interest readers somehow and they would find it helpful, I have chosen the topic “A Study on English Expressions used in Website Design and Vietnamese equivalence.” as my research paper. Following this trend, the study will serve purposes: 2. Aims of the study For the above- mentioned reasons this paper mainly focuses on: Pointing out the definition of web language, the process of designing web pages, classifying of static and dynamic website languages Collecting and presenting some commonly used WDT in English Providing some ways of Vietnamese equivalents or expressions Helping all people who encounter some troubles in acquainting with WDT especially when you design website you can understand it properly. 3. Scope of the study Because of the knowledge, experiences, and time frame. I could not take a study on all related to the WDT but only deal with the popular terms in WDT presented in some textbooks and materials that are used for teaching, learning specialized English in faculty of IT and designing website. Therefore, my research paper is also limited to the presentation and discussion of English terms and Vietnamese equivalences. Hopefully, my research will partly help student have a general overview on WDT and their effective use in such kind of works. 4. Methods of the study
14. To study successfully and effectively in my studying process, with the hope of creating my research pleasant to read, I have implemented the following methods: Firstly, grammar books are collected up from many resources to develop the topic. Secondly, the study is completed due to information collected from Internet or websites and books concerning to compliments and responses to get theoretical background. Next, the analysis on books, newspapers and dictionaries is carried to get bases knowledge and specific exemplifications for compliments and responses. Last, personal observation, experience and interviews are also utilized to fulfill my study. 5. Design of the study The graduation paper composes three parts in which the second part is the most important one. Part I: Introduction that includes Rationale, Aims of the study, Scope, Methods and Design of the study. Part II: Development that states three chapters. Chapter 1: Theoretical background Chapter 2: An investigation on English expressions used in website design and Vietnamese equivalence. Chapter 3: Main findings Part III: Conclusion that gives a brief summary of the study and suggestions for further research.
15. PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I_ Translation theory 1.1 Concepts of Translation and Equivalence in translation 1.1.1 Concepts of translation Translation has existed in every corner of our life. It is considered as an indispensable part in the field of not only literature, culture and religion but also commercial advertisement, popular entertainment, public administration, international diplomacy, scientific research publication, judiciary procedure, immigration and education .Thus, there are many concepts of translation all over the world. Following is some typical concepts: Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language. _Advanced Oxford Dictionary_ Translation is the replacement of a text in one language (Source language-SL) by an equivalence text in another language (Target language- TL) _Encyclopedia of language and linguistics_ Translation consists of producing in the target language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly with respect to meaning and secondly with respect to style. _Eugene A. Nida (1959)_ Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a "translation" that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be
16. translated is called the "source text," and the language that it is to be translated into is called the "target language"; the final product is sometimes called the "target text." _Wikipedia_ Translation is to be understood as the process whereby a message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the target language" _ Houbert (1998:1)_ 1.1.2 Concepts of equivalence in translation Equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. _Vinay and Darbelnet_ Equivalence, when applied to the issue of translation, is an abstract concept and actually refers to the equivalence relationship between the source text and the target text. _Asian social science (CCSE)_ Translation equivalence exists between forms in a source language and a target language if their meaning matches. In other words, translation equivalence should answer the question “What do the speakers of this language actually say to express the desired meaning?” _Wayne Leman (Wordpress.com)_ Although these definitions are different in expression, they share common features about finding the closest equivalent in meaning by the choice of appreciate target language‟s lexical and grammatical structures, communication situation, and cultural context .Some sort of movement from one language to another also depends on translation methods that will be show in the next part. 1.2 Translation methods
17. There are various ways or methods by which a text may be translated. The central problem of translating is whether to translate literally or freely. It all depends on some factors such as the purpose of the translation, the nature of readership and the text types. As stated by Peter Newmark (1988) there are eight methods of translation, namely: Word-to-word translation, Literal translation, Faithful translation, Semantic translation, Adaptation, Free translation, Idiomatic translation, Communicative translation 1.2.1 Word-to-word translation: This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. E.g: Thomat is the student living and studying in German. Thomat là một sinh viên đang sống và học tập ở Đức 1.2.2 Literal translation: The SL grammatical consruction is converted to the nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. E.g: John put all his whole year - savings in studying computer programming. John đã đặt tất cả số tiền dành dụm được cả năm để học lập trình máy tính. 1.2.3 Faithful translation: Faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. E.g: So many men, so many minds. Lắm thầy nhiều ma. 1.2.4 Semantic translation:
18. Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on “meaning” where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in finished version. E.g: So many men, so many minds. Làm dâu trăm họ. 1.2.5 Adaptation: This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poets: themes, characters, plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture and text is rewritten. Dung Vu (2004) points out: “Adaptation has a property of lending the ideas of the original to create a new text used to by a new language more than to be faithful to the original. The creation in adaptation is completely objective in content as well as form 1.2.6 Free tranlation: Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content with out of the form of the original. In free translation, there is a special form called “Adaption”. This is the “freest” form of translation. E.g: To reduce fertility rate the present 3.7 children per woman to replacement level of 2. Tỉ lệ sinh hiện tại của phụ nữ giảm từ 3,7 xuống còn 2 trẻ. 1.2.7 Idiomatic translation: Diomatic translation reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and the idiom where these do not exists in the original. E.g: Clothes make man. Người đẹp vì lụa, lúa tốt vì phân.
19. 1.2.8 Communicative translation: Communicative translation attempts to reader the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible the readership. E.g: Hello! How are you? Lâu lắm không gặp! Cậu dạo này thế nào? II_ Equivalence in translation The translation of text between different languages inevitable involves a theory of equivalence. According to Vanessa Leonardo “Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in the translation although its definition, relevance, and applicability within the fields of translation theory have caused heated controversy, and many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborate approaches to translation equivalence: Nida (1964) distinguishes formal equivalence and dynamic translation as basic orientations rather than as abinary choice: Formal equivalence is achieved when the SL and TL words have the closet possible match of form and content. Dynamic equivalence achieved when the SL and TL words have the same effect on their effective readers. Newmark (1988) defines: “The overriding purpose of any translation should be achieved equivalence effect i.e. to produce the same effect on the readership of translation as was obtained on the readership of the original” He also sees equivalence effect as the desirable result rather than the aim of any translation except for two cases: + If the purpose of the SL text is to effect and the TL translation is to inform or vice versa. + If there is a pronounced cultural gap between the SL and the TL text. Koller (1979) considers five types of equivalence:
20. Denotative equivalence: The SL and the TL words refer to the same thing in the real world. It is an equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text. Connotative equivalence: This type of equivalence provides additional values besides denotative value and is achieved by the translation‟s choice of synonymous words or expressions. Text-normation equivalence: The SL and the TL words are used in the same or similar context in the respective languages. Pragmatic equivalence: With readership orientation, the SL and TL words have same effect on their respective readers. Formal equivalence: This type of equivalence produces an analogy of form in the translation by either exploiting farmal possibilities of TL or creating new forms in TL. III_ESP in translation 3.1 Concept of ESP: - ESP is the abbreviation for English for Specific Purpose. It is defined in the other ways. Some people described ESP as simply being the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified. Others, however, were more precise, describing it as the teaching of English used in academic studies or the teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes. As for broader definition of ESP, Hutchinson and Warters (1987) theorize, “ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learners‟ reason for learners.” (p.19). Anthony (1997) notes that it is not clear where ESP courses end and general English courses begin; numerous non-specialist ESP instructors use an ESP approach in that their syllable are based on analysis of learners needs and their own personal specialist knowledge of using English for real communication. -Theorists Dudley-Evans and St John (1980 modified Stevens‟s original definition of ESP Journal gives an extended definition of ESP in terms of
21. 'absolute' and 'variable' characteristics. They assert that ESP is not necessarily related to a specific discipline. Furthermore, ESP is likely to be used with adult learners although is could be used with young adults in a secondary school setting. _Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997)_ 3.2 Types of ESP: Types of ESP are identified three types ESP by David Carter (1983). There are: • English as a restricted language • English for Academic and Occupational Purposes • English with specific topics. The language used by air traffic controllers or by waiters are example of English as a restricted language. Mackay and Mountfound (1978) clearly illustrate the difference between restricted language and language with this statement: the language of international air-traffic control could be regarded as “special”, in the sense that the repertoire required by the controller is strictly limited and can be accurately determined situationally, as might be the linguistic needs of a dining-room waiter or air-hostess. However, such restricted repertoires are not language, just as a tourist phrase book is not grammar. Knowing a restricted “language” would not allow the speaker to communicate effectively in novel situation, or in contexts outside the vocational environment (pp.4-5). The second type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for Academic and Occupational Purposes .In the „Tree of ELT‟ (Hutchinson & Walters, 1987), ESP is broken down into three branches: a) English for Science and Technology (EST), b) English for Business and Economics (EBE), and c) English for Social Studies (ESS). Each of these subject areas is further divided into two branches: English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and
22. English for Occupational Purposes (EOP). An example of EOP for the EST branch is „English for Technicians‟ whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is „English for Medical Studies‟. The third and final type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for specific topics. Carter notes that it is only here where emphasis shifts from purpose to topic .This type of ESP is uniquely concerned with anticipated future English needs of, for example, scientists requiring English for postgraduate reading studies, attending conferences or working in foreign institutions .However ,I agree that this is not a separate type of ESP .Rather it is an integral component of ESP courses or programs which focus on situational language .This situational language has been determined based on the interpretation of results from needs analysis of authentic language used in target workplace settings. IV_ Term in Website Design field 4.1 What is term? When writing technical articles, it is usually the case that a number of technical terms specific to the subject matter will be presented. Technical terminology is the specialized vocabulary of field. These terms have specific definitions within the fields; which is not necessarily the same as their meaning in common use. (Wikipedia) A term is a word or expression that has a particular meaning or is used in particular activity, job, profession, etc. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 1991). Term is the variation of language in specific condition (Peter Newmark) and he stated that the central difficulty in translation is usually the new terminology. Even then, the main problem is likely to be that of some terms in the source text which are relatively context-free and appear only once. If they are context-bound, you are more likely to understand them by gradually eliminating the less likely versions.
23. 4.2 The characteristics of terms There is a distinction between technical and descriptive terms. The original SL writer may use a descriptive term for a technical object for three reasons: The object is new and not yet has name. The descriptive term is being used as familiar alternative, to avoid repetition The descriptive term is being used to make a contrast with another one. Normally, you should translate technical and descriptive terms by their counterparts and, in particular, resist the temptation of translating a descriptive by a technical term for showing off your knowledge, there by sacrificing the linguistic force of the SL descriptive term. However, if the SL descriptive term is being used either because of the SL writer‟s ignorance or negligence or because the appropriate technical term does not exit in the SL and in particular if an object strange to the SL but not to the TL culture is being toreferred to, then, you are justified in translating a descriptive by a technical term. CHAPTER II AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF WDT RELATING TO LANGUAGE OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC WEBSITE INTO VIETNAMESE I_ Typical Terms relating to Static Website 1.1 Definition and structure of HTML
24. 1.1.1 Definition of HTML HTML, which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists etc as well as for links, quotes, and other items. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content. It can include or can load scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML processors like Web browsers; and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. 1.1.2 Structure of an HTML Every HTML document consists of two basic parts: the "head" and the "body." The head starts with the tag and ends with the , for the body the tag is used in a similar manner. Both the head and the body must be enclosed in Thus, a typical HTML document has the following basic structure: To sum it up, enclosed between the tags there are two basic parts the document head, and the document body. The head is mostly concerned with providing information about the document itself, while the body contains the information that people see in their browsers. 1.2 Typical Terms relating to HTML Every HTML page will have some basic tags. Heading tags: Thẻ tiêu đề
25. is biggest heading and is smallest heading This is heading This is heading Paragraph Tags : Thẻ đoạn văn This is a paragraph This is another paragraph HTML will automatically add a blank line before and after each heading. Line Break Tags: Thẻ xuống dòng does not need the closing tag like Line Break Tags used when you want to end a line but not want to start another paragraph. Thẻ will create a line when you write it down. Note tag : Thẻ dùng để chú thích trong HTML Bạn có thể sử dụng chú thích để giải thích về code của bạn, để sau này bạn có phải quay lại chỉnh sửa gì thì cũng dễ nhớ hơn. Basic tags use in HTML Tag Description in Vietnamese Xác định một văn bản dạng HTML Xác định phần thân của tài liệu to Xác định header từ 1 đến 6 Xác định một đoạn văn Chèn một dòng trắng Xác định một đường thẳng
26. Xác định vùng chú thích The tags used to format text Tag Description in Vietnamese Định dạng chữ đậm Định dạng chữ lớn Định dạng kiểu chữ được nhấn mạnh Chữ in nghiêng Chữ nhỏ Chữ đậm định dạng subscripted (chữ nhỏ) Định dạng superscripted (chữ lên cao) Dạng chữ mới chèn them Dạng chữ bị xóa Hết hỗ trợ. Thay bằng Hết hỗ trợ. Thay bằng Gạch dưới The Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tag Description in Vietnamese
27. Kiểu tóm tắt Kiểu viết tắt Kiểu địa chỉ Kiểu chữ định hướng Kiểu trích dẫn dài Kiểu trích dẫn ngắn 1 kiểu trích dẫn khác Kiểu định nghĩa Anchor Tag Frameset Tag : Thẻ khung Tag Description in Vietnamese Kiểu a set of frames Kiểu a sub window (a frame) Kiểu a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames Kiểu an inline sub window (frame) Table Tag : Bảng
28. The table is formatted by many rows and tags , each row is divided into multiple columns with data . td stand of "table data", the contents of the data columns. row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2 row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2 Đoạn code trên sẽ hiển thị như thế này trong cửa sổ trình duyệt row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2 row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2 Thẻ table Tag Description in Vietnamese Vẽ bảng Hàng đầu của bảng Hàng trong bảng
29. Ô trong hàng Nhãn của bảng Nhóm các cột Định các thuộc tính của cột Hàng Đầu bảng Thân của bảng Hàng cuối bảng List tag: Thẻ danh sách Tag Description in Vietnamese Danh sách có sấp xếp Danh sách không sáp xếp Một phần tử trong danh sách , , Kiểu danh sách Hết hỗ trợ. Dùng thay thế Hết hỗ trợ. Dùng thay thế Text field: Thẻ trường Text field is used when you want to users to type letters, numbers v.v. into a form.
30. First name: Last name: Nó sẽ xuất hiện như sau trong trình duyệt First name: Last name: Radio button: Nút radio được sử dụng khi bạn muốn người dùng chọn một trong những lựa chọn bạn đưa ra. Male Female Nó sẽ xuất hiện như sau trên trình duyệt Male Female Checkbox: Hộp kiểm được sử dụng khi bạn muốn người chọn có thể chọn nhiều lựa chọn hơn. Username:
31. Trong trình duyệt nó nhìn như sau Username: Submit Basic form Tag Description in Vietnamese Kiểu form để nhập thông tin Một ô nhập liệu Vùng nhập liệu có nhiều hàng Nhãn Nhóm các vùng nhập với nhau Nhãn của 1 fieldset Danh sách chọn Nhóm các phần tử trong danh sách chọn Một phần tử trong danh sách chọn Nút bấm Hết hỗ trợ. Dùng thay thế
32. Image and src: Thẻ ảnh và thuộc tính của src (source) Tag Description in Vietnamese Hình ảnh Định nghĩa map ( sơ đồ trên 1 hình) Định Area, 1 vùng nhỏ tương ứng trên sơ đồ Bgcolor: Thiết lập màu hình nền. Giá trị của thuộc tính này là hệ số hexadecimal, một giá trị màu RGB hoặc một tên màu Dòng code trên cùng thiết lập hình nền thành màu đen. Background: Thuộc tính background thiết lập một tấm hình làm hình nền. Địa chỉ URL có thể là tương đối như là ở dòng code thứ nhất hoặc tuyệt đối như là ở dòng thứ 2 II_ Typical Terms relating to Dynamic Website 2.1 Definition and structure of PHP 2.1.1 Definition of PHP PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP
33. processor module, which generates the web page document. As a general- purpose programming language, PHP code is processed by an interpreter application in command-line mode performing desired operating system operations and producing program output on its standard output channel. It may also function as a graphical application. PHP is available as a processor for most modern web servers and as stand alone interpreter on most operating systems and computing platforms. 2.1.2 Structure of a PHP PHP only parses code within its delimiters. Anything outside its delimiters is sent directly to the output and is not processed by PHP (although non-PHP text is still subject to control structures described within PHP code). The most common delimiters are to close PHP sections. PHP code embedded within HTML: PHP Test 2.2 Typical Terms relating to PHP In this part, we used those magic PHP tags. You may save your files with the php extension, but that's not enough. Sure, when you use the appropriate extension, as defined in the config file of the webserver, PHP will look at the file. But only the stuff between the PHP tags are actually
34. interpreted - the rest is just ignored. This allows you to mix HTML and PHP in the same file, and while other technologies like ASP.NET try to separate code and markup, PHP still encourages this mix, and allows you to do it in several different ways. Boolean: kiểu biểu thị một giá trị thật. Nó có thể là TRUE hay FALSE. Code: $foo=True; // gán giá trị TRUE cho biến $foo. Integer: là một tập hợp bao gồm các số { ,-2,-1,0,1,2, } Code: $a = 1234; # số thập phân $a = -123; # số âm $a = 0123; # số bát phân $a = 0x1A; # số thập lục phân Floats, doubles or real numbers: Kiểu số thực có thể được chỉ định bằng cách sử dụng một trong các cú pháp sau: Code: $a = 1.234; $a = 1.2e3; $a = 7E-10; String: là những chuỗi các kí tự. Dấu nháy đơn: Ex: echo 'nguyenvancuong'; Dấu nháy kép: PHP hiểu sẽ có thêm các chuỗi cho các kí tự đặc biệt Ex: \n;\t;\\;\$; $name[index1]: Mảng là một danh sách các phần tử có cùng kiểu dữ liệu. Code:
35. $meat[0]="chicken"; $meat[1]="steak"; $meat[2]="turkey"; Bạn cũng có thể sử dụng hàm array( ) của PHP để tạo ra một mảng.Ví dụ: Code: $meat=array("chicken","steak","turkey"); Object: Là một biến mà minh hoạ một kiểu mẫu template được gọi là class. Resource: là một biến đặc biệt, chứa một tham chiếu đến resource bên ngoài. NULL: giá trị NULL đặc biệt dùng để thể hiện một biến không có giá trị. Code: $var=NULL; Strlen: strlen là string length - độ dài xâu. Code: Kết quả in ra sẽ là 11 - số ký tự trong xâu "Updatesofts". Trim - cắt bỏ phần thừa trong xâu For example: PHP Code: Kết quả output ra hoàn toàn có thể đoán được: "This is a zigzag text"
36. Ltrim và rtrim: ltrim dùng để bỏ các phần linh tinh bắt đầu xâu. rtrim dùng để bỏ các phần linh tinh kết thúc xâu. Strpos: Tìm kiếm trong xâu For example: strpos("Updatesofts", "Update") sẽ trả về kết quả là 0. strpos("ABCABC", "A", 2) sẽ trả về kết quả là 3. Substr: Tách (extract) 1 phần trong xâu Substr syntac: substr(xâu, vị trí bắt đầu, [số ký tự - nếu cần]) Ex: substr($str, 1) trả về xâu bắt đầu từ ký tự thứ 1. substr($str, 3, 2) trả về 2 ký tự của xâu bắt đầu từ ký tự thứ 3. III_ Translation of common WDT abbreviations Abbreviations are words or phrases that have been abbreviated. They are used in written and spoken communication in WDT field to save space and time. Abbreviations sometimes represent the first letter of several words or the first letters of just one word. Abbreviations are also used to save space and time in communication. It is importance that we use abbreviations approved by the facility in which we work in order to prevent miscommunication. There are differing views on whether the abbreviations should have periods behind them or not. In most instances periods are used with abbreviations in WDT. Again, there are many abbreviations. Everyday when you access to internet and design website, you meet some WDT abbreviations and wonder whether what they are, for example: the term “http.www”. Although you know its function you do not know how it is composed and it would be impossible to expect us to know them all in this paper. This study will provide you with some of the most common accepted abbreviations using in WDT.
37. Abbreviation Full form Vietnamese ACE Access Control Entry Đầu vào điều kiển truy nhập ACL Access Control List Danh mục điều kiển truy nhập Asymmetric Digital Đường thuê bao kỹ thuật số bất ADSL Subscriber Line đối xứng American National ANSI Tiêu chuẩn quốc gia Hoa Kỳ Standards Institute Application Programming API Giao diện lập trình ứng dụng Interface Address Resolution ARP Giao thức phân giải địa chỉ Protocol ASP Active Server Page Trang máy chủ hoạt động American Standard Code Chuẩn mã trao đổi thông tin ASCII for Information Hoa Kì Interchange AUI Attachment Unit Interface Giao diện đơn vị kết nối BIOS Basis input/output system Hệ thống nhập xuất cơ bản Thiết kế với sự trợ giúp của máy CAD Computer Aided Design tính Computer Aided Software Thiết kế phần mềm nhờ máy CASE Engineering tính Cisco Certified Network Chứng chỉ mạng cao cấp của CCNP Professional Cisco
38. Classless Inter-Domain Sự định tuyến liên miền không CIDR Routing khớp Common Gateway CGI Giao diện cổng nối chung Interface CPU Central processing unit Đơn vị sử lý trung tâm CSS Cascading Style Sheets Lá kiểu mẫu phân tầng DBA Data Base Administrator Quản trị cơ sở dữ liệu Data Base Management DBMS Hệ thống quản trị cơ sở dữ liệu System DDL Data Definition Language Ngôn ngữ định nghĩa dữ liệu DFS Distributed File System Hệ thống tập tin phân tán Dynamic Host Giao thức cấu hình máy chủ DHCP Configuration Protocol năng động Dynamic Host Control Giao thức điều khiển máy chủ DHCP Protocol năng động Dynamics Hyper Text Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu siêu văn DHTML Markup Language bản động Distributed internet Các ứng dụng liên mạng phân DIA Applications bố DOM Document Object Model Mô hình Đối tượng Tài liệu Hệ điều hành dùng đĩa/bộ nhớ DOS Disk Operating System ảo
39. DNS Domain Name Service Dịch vụ tên miền (DNS) DLC Data Link Control Điều khiển đường truyền Data Manipulation DML Ngôn ngữ thao tác dữ liệu Language DLL Dynamic Link Library Thư viện liên kết năng động DSL Digital Subscriber Line Đường dây thuê bao dạng số EKE Encrypted Key Exchange Tổng đài nội bộ được mã hóa FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thức truyền tệp tin GAN Global Area Network Mạng toàn cầu HREF Hypertext Reference Tham chiếu siêu văn bản Hypertext Markup Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu siêu văn HTML Language bản Hypertext Transfer HTTP Giao thức truyền siêu văn bản Protocol Internet Control Message Giao thức thông báo điều khiển ICMP Protocol mạng Internet IE Internet explorer Trình duyệt Web của Microsoft Internet Group IGMP Giao thức quản lý nhóm Internet Management Protocol Nhóm đặc trách kỹ thuật Internet Engineering Task IETF Force Internet IIS Internet Information Dịch vụ cung cấp thông tin
40. Server Internet Internet Message Access IMAP Giao thức giao tiếp trên mạng Protocol IP Internet protocol Giao thức mạng ISP Internet service provider Nhà cung cấp dịch vụ Internet E-mail Electronic mail Thư điện tử Network Address NAT Dịch địa chỉ mạng Translation Network Driver Interface NDIS Đặc tả giao diện ổ đĩa mạng Specification NTP Network Time Protocol Giao thức thời gian mạng LAN Local area network Mạng máy tính cục bộ MF Mozilla Finefox Trình duyệt Web “Mozilla Finefox” Metropolitan Area MAN Mạng thành phố Network Microsoft Certified Chứng chỉ ở cấp độ đầu tiên của MCP Professional Microsoft Microsoft Certified Chứng chỉ dành cho người quản MCSA trị hệ điều hành mạng của Systems Administrator Microsoft MCSE Microsoft Certified Kỹ sư mạng được Microsoft Systems Engineer chứng nhận Multipurpose Internet MIME Mở rộng thư tín Internet đa năng Mail Extensions
41. Open Network ONA Kiến trúc mạng mở Architecture Object Linking and OLE Nhúng và liên kết đối tượng Embedding Object Oriented OOP Lập trình định hướng đối tượng Programming OS Operating system Hệ điều hành máy tính POP Post office protocol Giao thức văn phòng dung để nhận mail từ mail server Search Engine Đăng ký website vào các cỗ SES Submission máy tìm kiếm Standard Generalized Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu chuẩn mở SGML Markup Language rộng Structured Query SQL Ngôn ngữ truy vấn cấu trúc Language Transmission Control TCP Giao thức kiểm soát truyền Protocol USB Universal serial bus Chuẩn truyền dữ liệu theo dạng Bus Uniform Resource URL Bộ định vị tài nguyên thống Locator nhất Giao thức gói giữ liệu người UDP User Datagram Protocol dùng VPN Virtual Private Network Mạng riêng ảo
42. WI-FI Wireless fidelity Kỹ thuật mạng không dây WAN Wide area network Mạng máy tính diện rộng Wireless Application WAP Giao thức ứng dụng vô tuyến Protocol Wireless Markup WML Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu không dây Language Web Programming WPL Ngôn ngữ lập trình Web Language Extensible Markup XML Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu mở rộng Language Extensible HyperText Ngôn ngữ Đánh dấu Siêu văn XHTML Markup Language bản Mở rộng These above are some common English WDT abbreviations. However, we often meet some similar abbreviations but different in meaning in the English WDT texts and we get troubles to translate them well. From this issue, the following table will distinguish some of them to help partially this issue: Similar Full Form Vietnamese Abbreviations Ngôn ngữ viết web ASP Active serve page Nhà cung cấp dịch vụ ứng ASP Aplication services provide dụng
43. Application Programming Giao diện lập trình ứng API Interface dụng API API Scale Cân API Automated teller machine Máy rút tiền tự động ATM Asynchoronous transfer Chế độ truyền không đồng ATM mode bộ CAE Computer-aided education Giáo dục có máy tính hỗ trợ Kỹ thuật có máy tính hỗ CAE Computer-aided engineering trợ Computer description Ngôn ngữ mô tả máy tính CDL language Ngôn ngữ thiết kế máy CDL Computer design language tính IP Internet protocol Giao thức truyền tải IP Instruction processor Bộ xử lý lệnh Dynamic Host Giao thức cấu hình máy Configuration Protocol chủ năng động DHCP DHCP Dynamic Host Control Giao thức điều khiển máy Protocol chủ năng động Đường dây thuê bao dạng DSL Digital Subscriber Line số DSL Data Set Label Nhãn tập dữ liệu
44. Multimedia messaging Dịch vụ nhắn tin đa MMS services phương tiện MMS Manufacturing monitoring Hệ thống giám sát sản xuất system Maintanance repairs and Bảo trì sử chữa và vận MRO operation hành MRO Multiregional operation Điều tác đa vùng Ngôn ngữ viết web động PHP Hypertext Preprocessor PHP PHP Personal Home Page Trang cá nhân mẫu Wide area network Mạng máy tính diện rộng WAN Wireless Application Giao thức ứng dụng không WAN Protocol dây IV_ Procedures that are employed to translate English WDT abbreviations into Vietnamese We know that the application of information technology has been increasing over recent years the development speed the language of WDT, programming languages is quick. There are many website have been designed everyday for any purposes. Around from one week or a month, the infomation and knowledge that we saw on the Internet become backward because they are updated frequently. So if studing and approaching new technology we have to know English. English terms and Vietnamese equivalence exist refraction about meaning and elements. It is an obstruction to approach new
45. technology if the approacher is not good at English and does not get acquaintance with their Vietnamese equivalent. So that we need to know how WDT are translated in order to ensure our correct understanding of their meaning. 4.1 Literal translation A literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value. This literal translation makes little sense in English. If the two languages are related, the literal translation can often be understood. Their rules base on the nearest connection about any aspects. These notions are used in Vietnam and Vietnamese provide new meaning for equivalent words with the same rule. WDT Vietnamese Equivalence Access Truy cập Bookmack Đánh dấu Banner Biểu ngữ Client Máy khách Cursor Con trỏ Command Lệnh Cut and paste Cắt và dán Connection oriented Hướng kết nối Database management systerm Hệ thống quản lý cơ sở dữ liệu Design of the System Thiết kế hệ thống Design tools Thiết kế các công cụ
46. Database Cơ sở dữ liệu Download Tải xuống Embedded database Nhúng vào cơ sở dữ liệu Electronic mail Thư điện tử Firewall Bức tường lửa Hypertext markup language Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu siêu văn bản Intermediate equiment Thiết bị trung gian Interface Giao diện Intersysterm communication Truyền thông nội hệ thống Link Liên kết Memory Bộ nhớ Network compatible Mạng tương thích Object Oriented Programming Lập trình hướng đối tượng Path Đường dẫn Plug And Play Cắm và chạy. Programming layers Lớp Lập trình Query and update Truy vấn và cập nhật Return code Mã trở lại Server Máy chủ Software Construction Xây dựng phần mềm
47. Syntax Cú pháp 4.2 Calque translation According to Newmark “This is a loan translation of a particular kind: a complete syntactic unit is borrowed but its individual elements are translated literally. The result may be a calque of expression, which preserves the syntactic structure of the SL While introducing a new mode of expression” Let‟s consider the following exanples in which WDT are translated basing on this procedure: Source Language Target Language Anti-virut Chống vi rút Buffer Overflow Lỗi tràn bộ đệm Client Máy khách Commandline Dòng lệnh Computer Programmer Người lập trình máy tính Disconnect Không kết nối Disconnected components Ngắt kết nối các thành phần Embed Nhúng vào Expanded Mở rộng ra Microprograming Vi lập trình Interface Giao diện Interconnectivity Sự nối liên thông
48. Intranet Mạng cục bộ Intersystem Liên hệ thống 4.3 Translation by using loan word This is some resistance to this strategy in Vietnam, as many translators prefer to create new Vietnamese words rather than borrow English words. However, this stratergy can be useful when dealing with concepts or ideas that are new to Vietnam, cultural specific iterms, buzzwords and proper names of diseases or medicines that are widely known by their English names. And WDT field is a technical field, there are many concepts, terms are new to Vietnam learners, the following examples will illustrate what I have confermed: Source Language Target Language Administrator Quản trị viên Domain name Tên miền Driver Chương trình điều khiển Node Nút Root Nút gốc Child Nút con Parent Nút cha Sibling Nút anh em Descendant Nút con, cháu
49. Debug Chỉnh lỗi Ancestor Nút ông bà Path Đường dẫn Net Mạng Menu bar Thanh menu Web browser Trình duyệt web Webpace Trang web Web Server Máy chủ The example above show cases of partial borrowing. “web”, “Internet”, “file”, “driver” “menu” or “card” are often used as load words in the Vietnamese, not because they have no equivalence but because they are terms widely and popularly used in WDT field especially with people all over the world who work in WDT field. As with the strategy of substitution, the freedom with translators use loan words will depend on the norm of translation prevailing their societies and Vietnam is among countries, which are much tolerant of loan words. 4.4 Translation by paraphrasing 4.4.1 Translation by paraphrasing using related word This is an explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text by using related words. This strategy can be used when translating an English word or concept that exist in Vietnamese or when the Vietnamese term for its include all the meaning conveyed by the English term for the same concept. Source Language Target Language
50. Hệ thống thư mục tích cực có thể mở rộng và tự điều chỉnh giúp cho người Active Directory quản trị có thể quản lý tài nguyên trên mạng một cách dễ dàng Vệ tinh quay quang quỹ đạo trái đất ở một tốc độ kiểm soát để duy trì vị trí Synchoronous orbit satellite của nó trong sự liên hệ của nó với trái đất Giao thức văn phòng dùng để nhận Post office protocol mail từ server 4.4.2 Translation by paraphrasing using unrelated word This is an explanation of the meaning of the segment of the text by adding the new words to explain more about the source term. E.g: Source Language Target Language Là những phần dữ liệu nhỏ có cấu trú được Cookie chia sẻ giữa web site và browser của người dùng đã được mã hoá bởi Website đó Flash Hình ảnh động Là các file ảnh, video hay âm thanh lồng trong Multimedia trang Là tập hợp những đường liên kết dẫn đến các Navigator trang chuyên đề
51. Ping Là chương trình cho phép bạn xác định một host còn hoạt động hay không Dòng lệnh này hiển thị User Full name ngày Usestat tháng và thời gian đăng nhập cho mỗi người dùng trên mỗi admin đã chỉ định 4.5 Addition and omission Addition is the translation in which additional information is supplied in a translation. The addditional information a translator may have to his/her version is normally cultural, technical or linguistic. While omission is to omit redundancy and repetition that is characteristic of the SL. The following examples will show this method: Home: Trang chủ của một website Anchor : Thẻ tạo đường liên kết đến một tài liệu khác Mozilla Firefox: Trình duyệt web “Mozilla Firefox” Webserver: Là một máy chủ cung cấp các dịch vụ về Web trên môi trường Internet. Webmaster: Là chủ một Website người có quyền hạn cao nhất trên Website đó CHAPTER III: MAIN FINDINGS I. Common Mistakes in understanding When contacting with the words in translating WDT which have foreign origin or have no equivalent in TL or are popularly used in international transactions. To avoid the common mistakes in translating WDT from English into Vietnamese, It should be paid attention in translation by using loan word or loan word plus explanation in Vietnamese. E.g:
52. Escape (Esc) is commonly understood as “Thoát, trốn thoát” by non-major IT but, in fact, it must be interpreted “ ”. Following is a list of such mistakes: Original word Incorrectly interpreted Correct Administrator Người quản lý Quản trị viên, người có quyền hạn cao nhất trên máy Server Domain Lãnh thổ, phạm vi Tên miền Flash Tia sáng, lóe sáng Ảnh động Hosting, Host Chủ, chủ nhà Là nơi cất giữ các file tạo nên trang web Reload Chất lại, nạp lại Tải lại, mở lại Source Nguồn, nguồn gốc Mã nguồn II. Some suggestions When studying on English terms in WDT and their Vietnamese equivalence or expressions together with the translation methods and strategies employed in the translation of collected terms in WDT field in chapter two, we find that different translation procedures are employed to translate single terms, compound terms or new terminology. Hereafter are some conclusions which used to in these translation methods below: 2.1 At Word level
53. 2.1.1 Recognized translation At word level is one of the most used translation methods for the translation of WDT. We can take this advantage into their job doing translation as, more or less, they can find corresponding words or equivalence to the English terms. E.g: Firewall: Bức tường lửa Syntax: Cấu trúc Source: Mã nguồn 2.1.2 Translation by calque According to Newmark “This is a loan translation of a particular kind: a complete syntactic unit is borrowed but its individual elements are translated literally. The result may be a calque of expression, which preserves the syntactic structure of the SL while introducing a new mode of expression” E.g: Client: Máy khách Gateway: Cổng vào mạng Intranet: Mạng cục bộ 2.1.3 Translation by paraphrasing This method is used when having complex and difficult terms of WDT. This method shows that Vietnamese language still lacks corresponding words to express English terms. This is one of the reasons that causes translators confusion in choosing the right word for a specific term. Thus, this group of terms should be further studied. E.g: Flash: Hình ảnh động Multimedia: Là các file ảnh, video hay âm thanh lồng trong trang web
54. Navigator: Tập hợp những đường liên kết dẫn đến các trang chuyên đề 2.2 At above word level 2.2.1 Literal translation At this level, terms of WDT field are more complicated as they are formed by different combination among different word classes. However, each single part of a term in this group can be translated literally. This means translators may not get confused when dealing with these terms as they can deploy the literal translation method for the translation. E.g: Remote Access: Truy cập từ xa qua mạng Computer Progammer: Lập trình viên máy tính Plug and play: Cắm và chạy 2.2.2 Translation by paraphrasing There is a group of terms that no corresponding or equivalent in Vietnamese can be found, this may lead to some difficulties for the translators in their attempt to seek for an exact and right word for aspecific English terms. E.g: Serial advanced technology attachment: Chuẩn truyền dữ liệu theo dạng nối tiếp Encrypted key exchange: Tổng đài nội bộ được mã hóa 2.2.3 Translation by omission or addition In order to have a better TL terms for the SL, sometimes the translators have to add word(s) or to omit part(s) from the SL terms. E.g: Webserver: Là một máy chủ cung cấp các dịch vụ về Web trên môi trường Internet. Webmaster: Là chủ một Website người có quyền hạn cao nhất trên Website đó
55. 2.3_ New terminologies There are many new terms that is added more in WDT in order to solve this, translators often borrow words from the SL text into the TL text. E.g: Facebook: là một website mạng xã hội truy cập miễn phí để liên lạc và giao tiếp với người khác. Hosting service: Dịch vụ máy chủ Portal: Cổng thông tin điện tử. PART III: CONCLUSION 1. Summary of the study We all know that today English is used in the world as the global language. It has been used in all spheres of public activity. Most of website is written in English even they have their mother tongue‟s webpage. In addition to this, English is the language of over sixty percent of the world‟s radio programs. More than seventy percent of all international mail is written in English and addressed in English, and eighty percent of all computer text is stored in English. English has acquired the largest vocabulary of the entire world‟s language, perhaps as many as two million words, and has generated
56. one of the human races. Therefore, understanding English clearly and using English well play an important role especially for people use English as second language because of differences in culture. Being aware of the importance of English and some difficulties of foreign learners, for example Vietnamese and people those who have intend to design website or study IT, I have decided to choose the study which commonly used English terms in WDT field and initially studying the translation methods employed in the translation of the term into Vietnamese. This paper includes three main parts, of which Part II is the focal point which is subdivided into three chapters: Chapter one reviews the theory of translation, ESP in general, technical translation and definition of term. Chapter two focus on studying the translation of term in WDT field. In this Chapter, the paper initially studies the method and procedures that are employed to translate these English terms into Vietnamese in order to see whether translators may or may not face difficulties when dealing with these terms. Chapter three is the main findings that gain through the study of translating the collections of WDT and also abbreviation into Vietnamese. Moreover, I would also like to give as many examples as possible which are of best selection from different sources to help readers have a wide and clear understanding of my study. It is hope that, despite of its limited scope of the study, this writing will be of some help to those who are interested in English WDT. With this research, I have myself gained much vocabulary that is expected to be useful for my future job. I have also acquired knowledge of employing different methods or strategies in the translation of WDT. Due to the limitation of time and comprehensive knowledge of mine in this field, the research paper may not satisfy the reader entirely. There still remain some shortcomings and limitation in the paper and some aspects of the subject could not be mentioned. Yet, it might guide readers to other interesting ideas of the subject for further research.
57. 2. Suggesions for further study When I studied about WDT I realise that when translate WDT into Vietnamese we use many loan words. From examples above, we know that some WDT nearly can not be translated, like “web” is typecal example. Although its Vietnamese equivalence is “mạng”, it is only used in limited situations. And “trang web” are not translated into “trang mạng”. As mentioned in the part of introdution, learns often meet difficulties when approaching to WDT document but due to limitation of time and knowledge, the reseacher can only focus on certain general WDT and applied strategies to acquire suitable Vietnamese equivalence terms. I do hope that my reseach can help not only the people those who take care of designing website but also help pepole more understand about website languages, WDT and abbreviations often using in website. REFERENCES From books: 1. Advanced_php.chm 2. Documents about: Html, PHP, ASP, ASP.NET, JSP, CGI, Python, CSS 3. English – Vietnamese Dictionaries of Computing Terms, (2002) Nha xuat ban tre. 4. Electric Books (Win XP, Computer terms, Computer technology) .pdf 5. Hutchinson, Tom & Water, Alan (1987). English for Specific Purposes: A learner – centered approach. Cambridge University Press
58. 6. Ky_Thuat_Lap_Trinh_CSharp_2.0.chm 7. Lingoes Dictionary Software. 8. Randolph Quick Sidney Greenbaum. A university grammar of English Longman 9. So tay lam web nghe nhac.chm 10.Tai-Lieu-PHP.MySQL-Thiet-Ke-Web-Dong.pdf 11. Website Design Version.chm From Internet: ecengish.com %26_tin