Khóa luận A study on English–Vietnamese terms in real-Estate business - Vũ Thị Thư

Nội dung text: Khóa luận A study on English–Vietnamese terms in real-Estate business - Vũ Thị Thư

1. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG ISO 9001 : 2008 KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH: NGOẠI NGỮ HẢI PHÒNG - 2010 i
2. HAIPHONG PRIVATE UNIVESITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON ENGLISH – VIETNAMESE TERMS IN REAL-ESTATE BUSINESS By: Vũ Thị Thư Class: Na1001 Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Chi, M.A HAI PHONG - 2010 ii
3. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinh viên: Mã số: Lớp: Ngành: Tên đề tài: iii
4. Nhiệm vụ đề tài 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp ( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ). 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán. 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp. iv
5. CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Người hướng dẫn thứ hai: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày 12 tháng 04 năm 2010 Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành xong trước ngày 10 tháng 07 năm 2010 Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Sinh viên Người hướng dẫn Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 HIỆU TRƯỞNG GS.TS.NGƯT Trần Hữu Nghị v
6. PHẦN NHẬN XÉT TÓM TẮT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp: 2. Đánh giá chất lượng của khóa luận (so với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán số liệu ): 3. Cho điểm của cán bộ hướng dẫn (ghi bằng cả số và chữ): Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 Cán bộ hướng dẫn (họ tên và chữ ký) vi
7. NHẬN XÉT ĐÁNH GIÁ CỦA NGƯỜI CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP 1. Đánh giá chất lượng đề tài tốt nghiệp về các mặt thu thập và phân tích tài liệu, số liệu ban đầu, giá trị lí luận và thực tiễn của đề tài. 2. Cho điểm của người chấm phản biện : (Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ) Ngày tháng năm 2010 Người chấm phản biện vii
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the process of completing this research paper, I have received a lot of help, guidance, advice from my teachers, relatives and friends. First of all, I wish to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor- Mrs Nguyen Quynh Chi who helped me through process. She is always willing and enthusiastic to give me precious advice, helpful comments as well as correction of my graduation paper. Next, I would like to express my gratitude to Mrs Tran Ngoc Lien, Dean of Foreign Language Department and all the teachers in Foreign Language Department of Hai Phong Private University for their lectures during four years that helped me so much in completing this paper. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends who have always encouraged, supported and helped me to complete this graduation paper. Hai Phong, June 2010 Student Vu Thi Thu viii
9. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ix ABBREVIATIONS xii PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Reason of the study 1 2. Aims of the study 2 3. Scope of the study 2 4. Methods of the study 2 5. Design of the study 3 PART II: DEVELOPMENT 4 CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4 I. Translation 4 1. Definitions of translation 4 1.2. Equivalence 5 2. Types of translation 6 2.1. Literal translation 6 2.2. Word –for-word translation 6 2.3. Faithful translation 6 2.4. Adaptation 7 2.5. Free translation 7 2.6. Idiomatic translation 7 2.7. Communicative translation 8 2.8. Semantic translation 8 2.9. Other methods 9 3. Types of equivalence. 9 II. ESP 10 1. Definition of ESP 10 1.1. Absolute characteristics 10 1.2. Variable characteristics 10 ix
10. 2. Types of ESP 11 3. Terms in real estate business field 12 3.1. Definition of a term 12 3.2. The characteristics of terms 12 3.3. Terms in real-estate business 13 CHAPTER II : ENGLISH – VIETNAMESE REAL-ESTATE BUSINESS TERMS 14 I. Overview of Real-estate business 14 II. The popular construction of English real estate business terms 14 1. Single terms 15 1.1. Single terms that acts as the root 15 Default 15 1.2. Single terms are formed by the help of prefixes 17 Pre-qualification 18 1.3. Single terms are formed by the help of suffixes 20 2/Compound terms 23 2.1. Compound nouns 23 2.2. Common Real- estate business Abbreviations 25 III. Translation techniques of English-Vietnamese Real-estate business terms 27 1. Shift or transportation translation 27 2. Translation by paraphrase using related words 30 3. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word 31 4. Translation of abbreviations by using loan word 32 5. Literal translation 34 6. Translation by addition 36 CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 37 1. Difficulties in translation of English-Vietnamese Real-estate business terms. 37 2. Suggested solutions for Real-estate business translation 38 x
11. PART III: CONCLUSION 40 I. Major findings 40 II. Implication for ELT and Learning 40 III. Suggestion for further study 41 REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX OF EQUIVALENTS 44 xi
12. ABBREVIATIONS SL Source Language TL Target Language ADJ Adjective N Noun V Verb ESP English for Specific Purpose ST Source Text TT Target Text ELT English Language Teaching EAP English for Academic Purpose EBE English for Business Economics EOP English for Occupational Purpose ESBP English for Specific Business Purpose ESS English for Social Study EST English for Science and Technology xii
13. PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Reason of the study In the recent decays, English is more and more wisely used as well as has gradually proved itself in all fields in the society. Vietnam, in the process of integration and development, especially after joining the WTO, English is considered as the golden key to make us access to the world’s civilization. It helps to connect people all over the world by using one language, to express their ideas. Thanks to translation texts, we can quickly update technical and scientific achievements, the international laws, daily news, art works, literatures, films and conversely exchange information, culture and trade to other countries in the world. Translation is a special subject for students of Foreign Language Department who begin studying the theoretical background of translation from the third year the theoretical background of translation before experiencing English for Specific Purposes (ESP). However, the students certainly face difficulties in the translation process due to not only the variety of Vietnamese and English words, the differences of using specific English words but also the more and more appearance of new terms in human activities, especially terms related to Business English such as security, marketing, real estate and so on. It is a common knowledge that, real-estate is a kind of business developing long time in the world, but it is a new field for Viet Nam. Together with securities market, land & housing market has made the Vietnam’s economy hotter than ever before. The number of population is on the rise whereas the land & housing fund is limited, creating a great demand for such essential goods. Housing and land have today caused much concern of many people. The day by day accommodation is of a great demand. For knowing deeper about this field, in this research paper I would like introduce 1
14. to you some terms related to real- estate and some translation methods of these terms. 2. Aims of the study In order to have a deeper investigation into real-estate business, a study on the English-Vietnamese terms in real-estate business is carried out. A linguistician Larson said that: “Good theory is based on information gained from practice. Good practice is based on carefully worked-out theory ” (Larson , 1991:1) Therefore, the aim of this study is firstly to gain a thoroughly understanding of theoretical translation and practice flexibly, creatively and exactly on ESP Secondly, to enrich the knowledge as well as vocabularies of real- estate business is also the main purpose of this study. Besides, a large range of translation techniques applied in English-Vietnamese real-estate business are also worked out. Thirdly, some suggested solutions to difficulties in studying and understanding the problems are generally mention. These mentioned above are main aims of this study. 3. Scope of the study In general, real estate is a business field which related to housing, land, property, possession, etc. As real estate terms are various and complex. Due to the limitation of timeframe and knowledge, in this graduation paper, the English- Vietnamese terms related to general real-estate business are introduced and translation techniques are analysised. 4. Methods of the study The following methods are used in the studying process:  Data collection through reference books, dictionary, internet, TV, etc.  Data analysis  Discussion with supervisor, teachers and friends 2
15. 5. Design of the study The study includes 3 parts: Part I: Introduction states the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study. Part II: Development consists of 3 chapters: Chapter 1: Theoretical background Chapter 2: The English-Vietnamese real-estate business terms Chapter 3: Finding and discussions Part III: Conclusion References Appendix of equivalents 3
16. PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I. Translation 1. Definitions of translation There are many concepts of translation all over the world .Followings are some concepts: Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. _ Peter Newmark, 1988_ Translation is producing in the receptor language the closet natural equivalent of the message of the source language, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style _E.A.Nida , 1975_ Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language. _Avanced Oxford Dictionary_ Translation is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent in the content of the message and the formal features and the roles of the original text _Bell, (1991:8)_ Translation is process of communication whose objective is to import the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader. _Levy (1967 :148) _ Translation is the act of transferring through which the content of a text is transferred from the SL into the TL. _ Foster (1958:1)_ 4
17. Translation is to be understood as the process whereby a message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the target language. _ Houbert (1998:1) _ Translation is an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication. _Hatim ad Mason (1997:1)_ Translation is a text with qualities of equivalence to a prior text in another language, such that the new text is taken as a substitute for the original. _David Frank (Wordpress.com) _ Translation is a bilingual mediated of communication which ordinarily aims at the production of a TL text that is functionally equivalent to a SL text. _Ress, 1971_ 1.2. Equivalence Equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. _Vinay and Darbelnet _ Translation equivalence exists between forms in a source language and a target language if their meaning matches. In other words, translation equivalence should answer the question “What do the speakers of this language actually say to express the desired meaning?” _ Wayne Leman (Wordpress.com)_ Equivalence, when applied to the issue of translation, is an abstract concept and actually refers to the equivalence relationship between the source text and the target text. _Asian social science (CCSE) _ 5
18. 2. Types of translation 2.1. Literal translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved. An interlinear translation is a completely literal translation. For some purposes, it is desirable to reproduce the linguistic features of the source text. Although these literal translations may be very useful for purposes related to the study of the source language, they are of little help to speakers of the receptor language who are interested in the meaning of the source language text. A literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value. For example: Vietnamese: Mời bạn về nhà tôi chơi. Literal translation: Invite friend about house me play. 2.2. Word –for-word translation The SL word order is preserved and the translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process. For example: Source text: The party A will incur liability for the victims. Target text: Bên A sẽ chịu trách nhiệm pháp lý đối với các nạn nhân 2.3. Faithful translation A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It “transfers” cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical “abnormality” (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text- realization of the SL writer. For example: Source text: Early morning, Hung took his axe and set out to cut some wood. No sooner did he start the job then the axe suddenly flew from his hands into the river. 6
19. Target text: Sáng sớm tinh mơ Hung mang riu vào rừng đốn củi. Vừa mới bắt đầu vào việc thì chiếc rìu tuột khỏi tay anh và rơi xuống song. (The Diamon Axe, Education Publishing House, p33) 2.4. Adaptation This is the “freest” form of translation. It is used mainly for plays and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved , the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewrite. “Adaptation has a property of lending the ideals of the original to create a new text used by a new language more than to be faithful to the original. The creating in adaptation is completed objective in content as well as form” _ Dung Vu (2004). For example: Source text: We would like to inform you that the construction of the project is temporarily delayed due to bad weather. Target text: Chúng tôi muốn thông báo với các ngài rằng do điều kiện thời tiết không thuận lợi nên việc thi công dự án tạm thời dừng lại. 2.5. Free translation The translation is not close to the original, but the translator just transmits meanings of the SL in his own words. It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is paraphrase much longer than the original. Therefore, the text in TL sounds more natural. On the contrary, translating is too casual to understand the original because of its freedom. For example: Source text: Please let us know what quantities you are able to deliver at regular intervals. Target text: Vậy kính đề nghị quý công ty cho chúng tôi biết số lượng là bao nhiêu mà các ngài có thể giao hang đều đặn. 2.6. Idiomatic translation Idiomatic translation is used for colloquialism and idioms whose literalism is the translation by which the translator does not transfer the 7
20. literalism of the original, uses the translation of colloquialism and idioms. For example : Source text: Better late than never Diamond cuts diamond Target text: Thà muộn còn hơn không Vỏ quýt dày có móng tay nhọn 2.7. Communicative translation It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to readership. “ But even here the translation still has to respect and work on the form of the source language text as the only material basic for his work” _ Peter Newark,(1982:39) For example: Source text: After discussion, both parties have agreed to sign this contract with the following terms and conditions: Target text: Sau khi cùng bàn bạc thỏa thuận, các bên tham gia hợp đồng thống nhất ký kết hợp đồng mua bán xe ô tô theo các điều khoản và điều kiện sau: 2.8. Semantic translation It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does no rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concession to the readership. While faithful translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible. “ Semantic translating where the translator attempts, within the base syntatic and semantic constraints of the TL, to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author”. _Newmark(1982:22)_ 8
21. For example: Source text: We hope you will enjoy your staying with us Target text: Chúng tôi hy vọng ngài sẽ có một kì nghỉ tuyệt vời tại khách sạn này. 2.9. Other methods Beside the above common methods of translation, some of the following methods are sometimes used during translation process. They include: Service translation, plum prose translation. Information translation, cognitive translation, academic translation. 3. Types of equivalence. Based on Nida’s theory, equivalents are divided into two kinds : formal equivalent and dynamic equivalent. Formal equivalent focuses attention on the message in form. The message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different element in the source language. Dynamic equivalent, or function equivalent follows the principle of equivalent effect, that is, the relationship between the receptor and the message should aim at being the same as that between the original receptor and the source language message. It attempts to render receptor’s words from one language to another, and caters to the receptor’s linguistic competence and cultural needs. According to Koller (1979), there are five types of equivalents:  Denotative equivalent: the SL and the TL words refer to the same thing in the real world. It is an equivalent of the extra linguistic content of a text.  Connotative equivalent: This type of equivalent provides additional value and is achieved by the translator’s choice of synonymous words or expression.  Text-normative equivalent: the SL and the TL words are used in the same or similar context in their respective languages. 9
22.  Pragmatic equivalent: With readership orientation, the SL and TL text have the same effect on their respective readers.  Formal equivalent: This type of equivalence produces an analogy of form in the translation by either exploiting formal possibilities of the TL, or creating new forms in TL. Although equivalence translation is defined with different point of view of theorists, it is the same effective equivalence between SL and TL. II. ESP 1. Definition of ESP ESP is the abbreviation for English for Specific Purpose. It is defined in the other ways. Some people described ESP as simply being the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified. Others, however, were more precise, describing it as the teaching of English used in academic studies or the teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes. Jony Dudley- Evans, co-editor of the ESP Joural gives an extended definition of ESP in terms of “absolute” and “variable” characteristic. Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997): 1.1. Absolute characteristics  ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners.  ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves.  ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre. 1.2. Variable characteristics  ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines.  ESP may use in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English. 10
23.  ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level.  ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students.  Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems. 2. Types of ESP David Carter (1983) identifies three types of ESP:  English as a restricted language.  English for Academic and Occupational Purposes.  English with specific topics. The language used by air traffic controllers or by waiters are examples of English as a restricted language. Mackay and Mountford (1978) clearly illustrate the difference between restricted language and language with this statement : “ the language of international air traffic control could be regarded as “special”, in the sense that the repertoire required by the controllers is strictly limited and can be accurately determined situationally, as might be the linguistic needs of a dining- room waiter or air-hostess”. However, such restricted repertoires are not languages, just as a tourist phrase book is not grammar. Knowing a restricted “language” would not allow the speaker to communicate effectively in novel situation, or in contexts outside the vocational environment. (pp. 4-5) The second type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for Academic and Occupational Purpose. In the “Tree of ELT” (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987), ESP is broken down into three branches:  English for Science and Technology (EST)  English for Business and Economics (EBE)  English for Social and Studies (ESS) Each of these subject areas is further divided into two branches: 11
24. English for Academic Purpose (EAP) English for Occupational Purpose (EOP). An example of EOP for the EST branch is the EST branch is “English for Technicians” whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is English for Medical Studies. The third and final type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English with specific topics. Carter notes that it is only here where emphasis shifts from purpose to topic. This type of ESP is uniquely concerned with anticipated future English needs of for example, scientists requiring English for postgraduate reading studies, attending conferences or working in foreign institutions. According to the types of ESP above, real estate lies in English for Business and Economics. 3. Terms in real estate business field 3.1. Definition of a term Term is the variation of language in a specific condition (Peter Newmark).The central difficulty is translation is usually the new terminology. Even then, the main problem is likely to be that of some terms in the source text which are relatively context-free, and appear only one. If they are context-bound, you are more likely to understand them by gradually eliminating the less likely versions. 3.2. The characteristics of terms There is distinction between technical and descriptive terms. The original SL writer may use a descriptive term for a technical object for three reasons:  The object is new and has not yet got a name.  The descriptive term is being used as a familiar alternative, to avoid repetition.  The descriptive term is being used to make a contrast with another one. Normally, you should translate technical and descriptive terms by their counterparts and in particular, resist the temptation of translating a 12
25. descriptive by a technical term for showing off your knowledge, there by sacrificing the linguistic force of the SL descriptive term. However, if the SL descriptive term is being used either because of the SL writer’s ignorance or negligence, or because the appropriate technical term does not exist in the SL, and in particular if an object strange to the SL but not to the TL culture is being refered to, then you are justified in translating a descriptive by a technical term. 3.3. Terms in real-estate business A term, or a terminology unit, is the name of a concept in a particular subject field. “Terminology is the technical used in particular subject or words used with particular specific meaning”. _Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary_ It may be a word, an expression, a symbol, a chemical or mathematical formula, an acronym and so on. A term in a specialized language is distinguished from a word in general language by its single- meaning relationship (call monosemy) with the specialized concept that it texts solving this concept (call lexicalization). Other indications that you are dealing with a term are its frequency of use and its relatively fixed contextual surroundings (its co-occurrents). According to structure, real-estate business term consists of following types:  Single terms are those that consist of just one word. For example: agreement, bidder, contract, project  Compound terms are terms consisting of two or more word, most of them are compound nouns. For example : bid invitation letter, payment terms, procuring entity  Abbreviation : ITC (Instructions To consultants), LCS (Least-Cost Selection), ARM (Adjustable-Rate Mortgage) 13
26. CHAPTER II : ENGLISH – VIETNAMESE REAL-ESTATE BUSINESS TERMS I. Overview of Real-estate business Real-estate is a legal term that encompasses land along with improvement to the land, such as building, fences, wells and other site improvement that are fixed in location-immoveable. Real-estate law is the body of regulations and legal codes which pertain to such matters under a particular jurisdiction and include things such as commercial and residential real property transactions. Real-estate is often considered synonymous with real property (sometimes called realty), in contrast with personal property. _Wikipedia _ However, in some situations term “real –estate” refers to the land and fixtures together, as distinguished from “ real property”, referring to ownership of land appurtenances, including anything of a permanent nature such a structures, trees, minerals, and interest, benefits, and inherent rights thereof. Real property is typically considered to be immoveable property. The terms real estate and real property are used primarily in common law, while civil law jurisdictions refer instead to immoveable property. II. The popular construction of English real estate business terms The term that make up the language of real estate business are quite available and its word building are also based on different ways but the majority of real estate business terminologies are in single terms and compound terms. This study will provide some basic usage in the real estate business terms. 14
27. 1. Single terms Most single terms in real estate business field can be broken down into one or more word parts such as: prefixes, root, suffixes, and so on. Also, the single term is mostly formed by the help of prefixes and suffixes, and that any given term may contain one or all of these parts. 1.1. Single terms that acts as the root Asets and property Anything of monetary value owned by an individual, including real property, personal property, and enforceable claims against others (bank accounts, stocks, mutual funds, etc.). Translating into Vietnamese as “tài sản”. For example: Source text: Be careful not to damage other people’s property. Target text: Cẩn thận đừng làm hỏng tài sản của người khác. Clearance Stemming from the propositional meaning of “clearance” which is an act or the process of clearing, removing or getting rid of something, equivalent into Vietnamese as “Giải toả”. However, the suitable meaning of “clearance” in each context will depend on the compound terms of which it forms an important part. Let’s consider a example: ST: Slum clearance TT: Sự giải tỏa nhà ổ chuột It is common knowledge that what the term means often depends on its association with certain collocates. Therefore, it is useful for translators at the first stage of translation to take account of collocational meaning rather than to substitute individual words with their dictionary equivalents. Default In Oxford Modern English Dictionary, “Default” is defined as failure to do something, especially to pay a debt or appear in court. In this field, this word has meaning “Không trả được nợ”. For example: Source text: His default on his bank loan gives him the 2 years’ sentence. 15
28. Target text: Anh ta bị tống giam 2 năm do không trả được khoản vay ngân hàng. Contract We can easily get “hợp đồng” in Vietnamese equivalent by dictionary and in this area; the meaning of word has no change in TL. Contract is any written instrument or electronic document that referred to agreement between two parties to perform work or provide goods, including agreement or order for the procurement of supplies or services. For example: Source text: The contract shall state clearly the total amount, or ceiling, or fees to be paid to the consultant. (Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under JBIC ODA Loans: 17) Target text: Hợp đồng sẽ được công bố rõ tổng giá trị hợp đồng hoặc giá trần, chi phí phải trả cho bên tư vấn Project It is a noun that means “a set of proposals for implementing part or the whole of work to achieve a particular objective or requirement in a pre-defined period of time, based on specified sources of fund” (Procurement law), and its meaning “dự án” in Vietnamese equivalent. Translators had better to use original meaning of word rather than attempting to find other equivalent because it will lead to confusion in translation process. For example: Source text: In order to ensure the efficient and proper execution of the project as specifically required by the Loan Agreement, it is essential that consultant employed on projects financed by ODA Loans of the Bank clearly possess the necessary competence. (Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under JBIC ODA Loans: 5) Target text: Để đảm bảo thực hiện dự án một cách hiệu quả và hợp lý như yêu cầu cụ thể trong Hiệp định vay vốn, điều chủ yếu là các công ty tư vấn được 16
29. tuyển dụng cho các dự án do Ngân hàng tài trợ phải có đủ khả năng chuyên môn cần thiết. Bid The word “Bid” in this field, it carries meanings which one is understood as same as the term “procurement” (đấu thầu), other one is “ the action of joining in procurement process”(dự thầu) TL. For example: Source text: If bids based on alternative designs, materials, completion schedules, payment terms, etc, are permitted, conditions for their acceptability and the method of their evaluation shall be expressly stated. (Guidelines for procurement under JBIC ODA Loans: 11) Target text: Nếu các hồ sơ dự thầu dựa trên cơ sở các thiết kế, nguyên vật liệu, tiến độ hoàn thành, các điều khoản thanh toán theo phwong án phụ được cho phép, thì các điêù kiện có thể chấp nhận hồ sơ dự thầu này và những phwong án đánh giá chúng sẽ phải được nêu rõ 1.2. Single terms are formed by the help of prefixes There are many types of Real estate business prefixes, of which some typical prefixes are illustrated as follows: Prefixes : “sub”, “pre”, “re”, “non”, “un”, in a) Prefix “pre” The word with the affix “pre” often bring themselves meaning of “before”, “prior” or “tiền”, “trước” in Vietnamese. For example: Pre-approval The word “Approval” is agreement; means “sự tán đồng”. The prefix “pre” creates the word “Pre-approval”, a commitment from a lender to loan a certain amount of money to a specified period of time, It gives the buyer advantage in competing to purchase real-estate or a home. Translating into Vietnamese is “Được chấp thuận trước”. 17
30. Pre-qualification When adding the prefix “pre” creates the word “pre-qualification” is the process by which the amount of loan a prospective buyer will be eeligible to borrow is determined, based on his or her income and expenses, which can be used to demonstrate the buyer’s financial capability to the seller. Its meaning into Vietnamese is “Xác nhận trước là đủ điều kiện” b) Prefix “Re” The word added prefix “Re” creates meaning “again” as equivalent into Vietnamese “lại’ For example: Refinance The word “Finance” means “tài chính”, when adding prefix “re” creates “Refinance” to obtain a new mortgage loan on a property already owned. Its equivalent into TL is “Vay lại”. c) Prefix “Sub” The word with affix “Sub” has meaning “addition” as equivalent “dưới” or “phụ”. For example: Subdivision “Subdivision” refers to a tract of property that is divided into streets and individual lots. Translating into Vietnamese is “Phân lô” Subagent Agent is an office that acts in business, its meaning in Vietnamese equivalent is “đại diện, đại lý”. Meaning of this word is changed when added prefix “sub”. With creating the word “Subagent” is a small agent, translating into TL is “chi nhánh phụ” d) Prefix “Post” The word added affic “post” have the opposite meaning with the affix “pre”, “sau”, “hậu” as following: “Post-evaluation” equivalent as “đánh giá sau cùng” or “Post-qualification” equivalent as “hậu tuyển” 18
31. e) Prefix “non”, “un”, “in” The prefix “non”, “un” also has the same meaning like the prefix “in” and it is translated “không” in Vietnamese equivalent. Here comes the list of some typical terms: English terms Vietnamese equivalents Repayment Trả nợ Recording Vào sổ Remainder Số dư Reversion Sự hoàn lại Revolving Chu chuyển tuần hoàn Redemer Sự chuộc lại Pre-investment Tiền đầu tư Preliminary Mở đầu, sơ bộ Prepayment Thanh toán trước hạn Subagent Chi nhánh phụ Subdivision Phân lô Subcontracting Hợp đồng phụ Subsidized Trợ cấp Subcontractor Nhà thầu phụ Sub-borrower Người vay lại Non-business Phi kinh doanh Non-profit Phi lợi nhuận Unplanned Không theo kế hoạch Replacement Tái định cư Rebidding Đấu thầu lại Inadmissible Không tể chấp nhận Insufficient Không đủ Non-responsive Không phù hợp Non-recourse Không hoàn trả Non-eligible Không hợp lệ 19
32. 1.3. Single terms are formed by the help of suffixes a) Noun-forming suffixes: “er’, “or” that refer personal pronouns. For example Assessor Verb “Assess” is action that evaluates the value of a property for taxation purposes. Its means “giám định”, when adding suffix “or” forms the word “Assessor” which is personal pronoun with Vietnamese equivalent “giám định viên thuế” Assignor Verb “Assign” means “chuyển nhượng”, when adding suffix “or” forms noun “Assignor” the one is one who makes an assignment or transfers of rights to another. Vietnamese equivalent is “người chuyển nhượng” Realtor The suffix “or” creates “Realtor” who is a real-estate professional holding active membership in a local real-estate board, it means “nhà kinh doanh bất động sản” in TL. Bidder Bidder is an organization or individual has eligibility in accordance with requirement of the Employer and participle in procurement activities. “Nhà thầu ” is the closest Vietnamese equivalent. For example: Source text: If there has been no pre-qualification of bidders, the borrower shall determine whether the bidder whose bid has been evaluated the lowest has the capability and resources to carry out the contract concerned effectively. (Guidelines for procurement under JBIC ODA Loans: 19) Target text: Nếu không có sơ tuyển nhà thầu thì bên vay phải xác định xem nhà thầu có hồ sơ dự thầu được đánh giá là thấp nhất có khả năng và năng lực đẻ thực hiện hợp đồng một cách hiệu quả. Appraiser Appraiser is an individual educated to estimate the value of real property and personal property. Translating into Vietnamese equivalent “Định giá viên” Followings are the list of some typical examples: 20
33. English terms Vietnamese equivalents Debtor Người mắc nợ Buyer Người mua Investor Nhà đầu tư Broker/jobber/dealer Người môi giới/buôn bán chứng khoán Administrator Người đại diện quản lý Appraiser Định giá viên Creditor Chủ nợ/bên cho vay Executor Người thừa hành/thi hành Grantor Người chuyển nhượng Lender Người cho vay Owner Chủ sở hữu Assessor Người định giá tài sản Seller Người bán Recorder Lục sự Realtor Nhà kinh doanh bất động sản Stakeholder Bên tham gia góp vốn Offeree Bên mời thầu Tenderer Người bỏ thầu Engineer Kĩ sư Borrower Bên vay Shareholder Cổ đông b) Noun-forming suffixes : “tion”, “ent”, “y” Payment Payment is understood as the action of paying something or being paid something. Translating into Vietnamese as equivalent thanh toán. Let’s look at the examples in Oxford Modern English Dictionary where the word is translated : Source text : We would be graceful for prompt payment of your account 21
34. Target text : Chúng tôi sẽ rất biết ơn nếu ngài thanh toán ngay các khoản tiền phải trả. Assignment Assignment is a general word for transfer. Neither the rights and duties under this contract nor the contract itself may be assigned by either party, iether in whole or in part, without the prior written approval of the other party. Its Vietnamese equivalent as chuyển nhượng. For example : Source text : In principle, try to forbid assingment without the consent of both parties. (International Trade Contract-Nguyễn Trọng Đàn) Target text : Về nguyên tắc, ngăn cấm việc chuyển nhượng mà không có sự đồng ý của cả hai bên. English Vietnamese Example Currency Tiền tệ lưu hành Foreign Currency (ngoại tệ) Redemption Thanh toán hết Redemption of the government’s debts nợ (thanh toán hết nợ của chính phủ) Inflation Lạm phát Inflation rate (tỉ lệ lạm phát) Document Chứng từ Document against payment (Chứng từ giao khi thanh toán) Taxation Hệ thống thuế Increase in taxation (tăng thuế) Amortization Thời gian trả dứt Amortization schedule (lịch trả dứt nợ) nợ/tiêu hủy nợ Transaction Giao dịch Purchase money transaction (chuyển giao tiền mua) Assignment Chuyển nhượng Maturity Đáo hạn 22
35. 2/Compound terms Real estate terms are majority in compound terms which are formed by joining two or more words together. It is important to be able to recognize how such compounds are formed in order to understand what they mean. Below are the discussions how these Real estate compound nouns are formed: 2.1. Compound nouns a) Noun + noun Balloon mortgage Balloon and mortgage are two nouns which combined to creating compound noun “Balloon mortgage” that unlike a traditional mortgage, a balloon mortgage leaves a balance remaining at the end of the loan term. At that time the borrower must pay the balance-called balloon payment-refance or convert to a traditional loan at current interest rates. Translating into Vietnamese as “thế chấp ngắn hạn” or “thế chấp bong bóng” Bridge loan Bridge loan also known as a swing loan or interim financing, a bridge loan is a short-term loan used until permanent financing is secured. Vietnamese equivalent is “vốn vay bắc cầu”. English terms Vietnamese equivalents Barter agreement Hợp đồng đối lưu hàng hóa Barter arrangement Thỏa thuận đối lưu hàng hóa Barter system Hệ thống kinh tế hàng đổi hang Barter trade Mậu dịch hàng đổi hang Debit column Cột ghi nợ Debit note Giấy nợ Commercial bank Ngân hàng Thương Mại Deposit accounts Tài khoản tiền gửi Fiscal agent Cơ quan quản lý tài khóa 23
36. Consumer credit Tín dụng khách hàng Fund management Quản lý vốn Inflation accounting Hạch toán có tính đến lạm phát Index number Số liệu theo chỉ số Money supply Lượng tiền cung ứng Investment income Lãi đầu tư Investment credit Tín dụng đầu tư Corporation ownership Sở hữu công ty Loan contract Khế ước nợ Conversion issue Sự chuyển đổi Brokerage functions Chức năng môi giới Finance market Thị trường tài chính Documentary credit Tín dụng chứng từ Registration tax Thuế trước bạ Refinance transaction Giao dịch vay lại Adjustment date Ngày điều chỉnh Eminent domain Quyền trưng mua b) Adjective + Noun English terms Vietnamese equivalents Inflated prices Gía lạm phát Simple interest Lãi đơn Compound interest Lãi kép Accrued interest Lãi cộng dồn Back interest Lãi chưa thanh toán Fixed interest Lãi cố định Deferred interest Lãi trả chậm Graduated interest Lãi lũy tiến Outstanding interest Dư lãi Mutual fund Quỹ tín thác tương hỗ Accelerated redemption Lấy tài sản thế chấp(sau khi trả hết nợ) 24
37. Affiliated companies Báo cáo tài sản Forward market Thị trường giao dịch kì hạn Initial capital Vốn ban đầu Real capital Vốn bằng hiện vật Dead capital Vốn ứ đọng Variable cost Chi phí biến đổi Fixed cost Chi phí cố định Retained earning Chi phí tái định cư Appraised value Giá trị được định Risk capital Vốn có độ rủi ro cao Sealed bid auction Đấu giá kín Geographical pricing Định giá theo vị trí địa lý c) Verb + Noun English terms Vietnamese equivalents Reserve funds Qũy dự trữ Exchange hall Sở giao dịch Exchange floor Phòng giao dịch Purchase decision Quyết định mua 2.2. Common Real- estate business Abbreviations APR The total cost of credit, including one-time fees, is known as the annual percentage rate of a loan. It can be considered the effective, or true, annual interest rate for a borrower and is used to standardize how rate are expressed and to compare loan options. APR is abbreviated by “Annual Percentage Rate” has Vietnamese equivalent “tỉ suất tín dụng hàng năm”. ARM A mortgage with interest rates that may fluctuate based on market conditions; the lender is permitted to adjust the mortgage’s interest tate periodically, though most ARM’s are limited in theamount that the interest rates can vary. 25
38. The full form is “Adjustable-rate mortgage” as Vietnamese equivalent “khế ước cầm cố có lãi suất điều chỉnh” RESPA Abbreviation for the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Acts, which is a federal law that requires lenders to provide information on estimated settlement costs, is consumer protecion law that requires certain disclosures of lenders to consumers relative to mortgage loans. Vietnamese equivalent as “Luật về thủ tục kết thúc địa ốc”. Followings are list of abbreviations: Abbreviation Full form Vietnamese ECOA Equal Credit Opportunity Luật Công Bằng Cơ Hội Tín Act Dụng GNMA Government National Hiệp Hội Thế Chấp Quốc Mortgage Association Gia HECM Home Equity Conversion Thế Chấp Đảo Ngược Theo Mortgage Giá Trị Nhà LTV Loan-To-Value Tỉ Lệ Vay-Trị Giá P.M.I Private Mortgage Bảo Hiểm Thế Chấp Tư Insurance Nhân ARM Adjustable-Rate Mortgage Khế Ước Cầm Cố Có Lãi Suất Điều Chỉnh CRV Certificate of Reasonable Chứng Chỉ Giá Trị Hợp Lý Value COFI Cost of Funds Index Chỉ Số Vay Vốn FCRA Fair Credit Reporting Act Luật Báo Cáo Tín Dụng Trung Thực FHA Federal Housing Cơ Quan Quản Lý Nhà Liên Administration Bang MI Mortgage Insurance Bảo Hiểm Thế Chấp MIP Mortgage Insurance Phí Bảo Hiểm Thế Chấp Premium PITI Principal, Interest, Taxes, Tiền gốc, Lãi, Thuế và Bảo and Insurance Hiểm RESPA Real Estate Settlement Luật Về Thủ Tục Kết Thúc Procedures Act Địa Ốc VA Veterans Administration Cơ Quan Quản Trị Cựu Chiến Binh BEA Break-Even Analysis Phân Tích Hòa Vốn BEP Break-Even Point Điểm Hòa Vốn ENP Expected Net Profit Lợi Nhuận Ròng Dự Tính 26
39. ROA Return On Total Assets Tỷ Số Lợi Nhuận Ròng Trên Tài Sản ROI Return On Investment Lợi Nhuận Trên Vốn Đầu Tư RPM Resale Price Maintenance Ấn Định Giá Bán Lại VAT Value Added Tax Thuế Giá Trị Gia Tăng ERM Exchange Rate Tỉ Giá Hối Đoái Mechanism ICB International Competitive Đấu thầu cạnh tranh Quốc tế Bidding It can denied that the central difficulty in translation is the terminology; therefore; in order to translate terms in a text which you are not an expert in its technology or topic you have to understand that text and temporarily know the vocabularies it uses. I suggest that whenever there is a term in document which you have never met, you not only look it up in a good dictionary but also donot hesitate to ring relevant persons or firms and ask for its information because of a good understanding of terminology will result in better transaltion. III. Translation techniques of English-Vietnamese Real-estate business terms 1. Shift or transportation translation This is the translation procedure reflects the grammatical change that occurs in translation from SL to TL. It is one of the most popular strategies applied of the compound term. Transposition is translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL, including automatic translation and rank-shift translation. One type, the change in the word order is named “Automatic translation” and offers translators no choice. For example: English term Vietnamese equivalent Amortization schedule Lịch trả dứt nợ “Amortization” is the process of payment of a debt of mortgage loan over time by installments. Its equivalent in Vietnamese is “Sự trả dứt nợ”. “Schedule” is period of time carried out a plan or a job. When translating into the TL, it means “kế hoạch, lịch”. “Amortization schedule” is a timetable for repayment of a debt or mortgage loan, showing the amount of each payment, what portion is applied to interest 27
40. and principal and the remaining balance. Its equivalent in Vietnamese is “Lịch trả dứt nợ”. When translating this compound noun, you can see the position of two nouns is changed contrast with SL. English term Vietnamese equivalent Alienation clause Điều khoản chuyển nhượng N N N V “Alienation” is the act of transferring property to another, either voluntarily or involuntarily. “Alienation clause” is the clause in a mortgage or deep of trust which asserts the lender’s option to require that the balance of the secured debt becomes immediately due and payable if the property is sold by the borrower. As you can see, these are two nouns but when translating into TL; “Alienation”, a noun in English shifts a verb “chuyển nhượng” in Vietnamese. The other term “Alienation clause” is known as “điều khoản chuyển nhượng” in Vietnamese. There is also a change in the order of these words, in English the word “Alienation” stand before the noun “Clause”, however, when it is translated into Vietnamese, the word “Alienation” comes after the noun. Looking at these terms, it is realizable that automatic shift is applied in translating flexibly, and all words in these terms are naturally converted from English into Vietnamese without adding any expression. Thank for automatic shift technique application, translators can feel more simple and unconfused when dealing with some redundants or additional words during the translation process of these terms. The following examples are also translated with the application of this technique. English terms Vietnamese equivalents Amortization schedule Lịch trả dứt nợ Adjustment date Ngày điều chỉnh Appraised value Giá trị được định Economic bubble Bong bóng kinh tế Profit margin Biên lợi nhuận Repayment term Kì hạn thanh toán nợ Acceptable price range Hạn mức giá có thể chấp nhận được 28
41. Short-run average cost Chi phí trung bình trong ngắn hạn Bond market Thị trường trái phiếu Bridge loan Cho vay bắc cầu Common areas Khu vực chung Community property Tài sản chung Condominium hotel Khách sạn chung cư Construction loan Khoản cho vay kiến thiết Industrial investment Đầu tư công nghiệp Private investment Đầu tư tư nhân Competition power Khả năng cạnh tranh Capital market Thị trường vốn Finance market Thị trường tài chính The other case of “Shift translation” called “Rank-shift translation”, also involves the change in the grammar from SL to TL. English term Vietnamese equivalent Competition power Khả năng cạnh tranh N V “Competition power” refers to ability and chance of companies or organizations compete on the market. This compound noun means “Khả năng cạnh tranh” in TL. Obviously, “competition” is a noun in English. Its equivalent in Vietnamese is noun, too: “Sự cạnh tranh”. However, in this case translation applied Shift and transposition procedure to translate and its equivalent in Vietnamese becomes a verb: “Cạnh tranh”. It means that after the translation process, product is changed in terms of part of speech (from N to V) because of the Shift between term in SL and TL. Therefore, by a change in the grammar of the word from SL to TL, translator can make his work become more sufficient and standard. 29
42. English terms Vietnamese equivalents Cash-out refinance Tái thế chấp vay không tiền mặt Closing costs Chi phí để kết thúc Fixed-rate mortgage Thế chấp có mức lãi cố định Ability to pay principle Nguyên tắc người có khả năng (nộp thuế) Debt convertible bond Trái khoán có thể chuyển đổi thành nợ Forward contract Hợp đồng mua bán có kì hạn Exchange cross rate Tỷ giá hối đoái chéo Markup pricing Định giá cộng lời vào chi phí Alternative close Kết thúc bằng lựa chọn 2. Translation by paraphrase using related words English term Vietnamese equivalent Non-price competition Cạnh tranh phi giá cả This technique tends to be used when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized in the target language but in a different from, and when the frequency with which a certain forms is used in the source text is significantly higher than would be natural in TL. SL “non-price competition”, for instance, is known as “cạnh tranh phi giá cả” in TL. Taking translated on of the word “non-price”, it can be seen that the prefix “non” indicate negative meaning, and it is known as “không” in Vietnamese. In contrast, this real estate term is not translated as “cạnh tranh không giá cả”. Hence the word “non-price” in English is lexicalized when it is transferred into Vietnamese. If this term is transferred word by word from English into Vietnamese, translation result may be more redundant. In order to avoid poor translation, related words are used in transference in case of this term. This strategy can also be used when translating an English word or concept that exists in Vietnamese. 30
43. English terms Vietnamese equivalents Balloon payment Thanh toán chót nợ Currency swap Thỏa thuận hợp đồng thay đổi ngoại tệ Accounting policies Hợp đồng hạch toán Financial statements Bản kê khai tài chính Brokerage functions Chức năng môi giới chứng khoán Biweekly mortgage Thế chấp trả hai tuần một lần 3. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word If the concept expressed by the source item is not lexicalized at all in the TL, the paraphrase might be based on modifying a super or simply on unpacking the meaning of the source item, particularly if the item in the question is semantically complex. For example, SL “securities market” into TL is “thi trường an ninh” but in this case, it is “thị trường chứng khoán”. It is clear that this term is translated by using unrelated work based on unpacking the meaning of the source item. The following is the list of Real estate business terms which are translated into Vietnamese by this Strategy. English terms Vietnamese equivalents Deed-in-lieu Chứng thư ngăn ngừa tịch biên Due –on-sale provision Điều khoản quy định lúc bán Lock-in period Thời gian khóa thế chấp Lock-in Thế chấp khóa lãi suất(có thờ hạn) Cooperative Gia cư hợp tác Deed of trust Chứng thư ủy thác Default Không trả được nợ Easement Quyền địa dịch Examination of title Báo cáo kiểm tra chủ quyền 31
44. Fair market value Giá trị thực sự Fee simple Chủ quyền tuyệt đối Multidwelling units Đơn vị cư trú nhiều gia đình No cash-out refinance Cho vay lại không đưa tiền mặt Notice of default Thông báo trễ nợ Futures & options exchange Thị trường tự chọn và trao đổi chứng khoán Going-rate pricing Định giá theo thị trường Blue-chip investment Cổ phiếu thượng hạng(không rủi ro) 4. Translation of abbreviations by using loan word An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. It consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase.This strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items, modern concept and buzzwords. Using loan word loan word is dramatically strong method applied for the word which have foreign origin or have no equivalent in TL. Taking following example: It can be that following the loan words with an explanation is very useful when the word in question is repeated several times in the text. Once explained, the loan words can be used on its own; the reader can understand it and is not distracted by further lengthy explanation.For example: PUD (Planned Unit Development) Sự Phát Triển Quy Hoạch This is a multi-unit property or subdivision that includes common property that is owned and maintained by a homeowners’ association, for the use of the individual owners. ODA (Official Development Hỗ trợ phát triển chính thức Assistant) 32
45. Eg: Source text: “The Bank requires that consultants, as well as borrowers, under contracts funded with ODA Loans of the Bank and other Japanese ODA, observe the highest standard of ethics during the procurement and excution of such contracts”. (Guidelines for the Employment of consultants under JBIC ODA Loans: 28) Target text: Ngân hàng yêu cầu bên tư vấn cũng như bên vay theo các hợp đồng được Ngân Hàng tài trợ vốn ODA hoặc các vốn ODA khác của Nhật Bản, phải tuân thủ chuẩn mực tối đa các nguyên tắc về đạo đức trong quá trình đấu thầu và thực hiện hợp đồng. In the above example, “ODA” is abbreviated in both ST and TT. If a repetitive term is in a text using initialism of this term will more convenient and faster for translators. However, it is not easy to distinguish what it is or what it means if the readers have not any knowledge of specific field. In this case, ODA is the group of initial letter of compound word “Official Development Assistant” which is translated into Vietnamese as “Hỗ trợ phát triển chính thức”. English terms Vietnamese equivalents SAC(Short-run Average Cost) Chi phí trung bình trong ngắn hạn AML(Adjustable Mortgage Loans) Tiền vay thế chấp có điều chỉnh APPLE Loan(Accelerating Payoff Vốn vay lũy tiến trả từng phần Progressive Equity Loan) ROE(Return On Equity) Lợi nhuận trên vốn chủ sở hữu IPO(Initial Public Offering) Phát hành cổ phiếu ra công chúng lần đầu CPD(Commercial Paper Discounting) Chiết khấu thương phiếu EPC(Engineering Procuring Thiết kế, cung cấp vật tư thiết bị và Construction) xây lắp GCC(General Conditions of Contract) Điều kiện chung của hợp đồng FBS(Selection under a Fixed Budget) Tuyển chọn tư vấn theo một ngân khố cố định 33
46. LCS(Least-Cost Section) Tuyển chọn tư vấn có chi phí thấp nhất NGO(Non-Government Organization) Tổ chức phi chính phủ QBS(Quality-Based Selection) Tuyển chọn tư vấn trên cơ sở chất lượng QCBS(Quality and Cost Based Tuyển chọn tư vấn trên cơ sở chất System) lượng và chi phí SCC(Special Conditions of Contract) Điều kiện cụ thể của hợp đồng L/C(Letter of Credit) Tín dụng thư 5. Literal translation To translate a word or an expression word for word, it means word- for-word translation that is the one where is the one where the resulting TL text is grammatically correct and idiomatic and where the translator has not needed to make any changes other than those that are obviously required by the TL grammar itself. For example: English term Vietnamese equivalent Net worth Giá trị ròng Net worth is the total value of all an individual’s assets, minus all liabilities or debts. The first prominent feature if this term is that its meaning directly transferred from English unto Vietnamese. In SL, Net worth is a compound noun which is created from the combination of two nouns Net and Worth. We can see that TL is grammatically correct and translator doesn’t need to make any changes other than those that are obviously required added into transference product in TL. In other words, Vietnamese equivalent used the same expression to translate this term. Because of this feature, we call this strategy as Literal translation. 34
47. English terms Vietnamese equivalents Line of credit Hạn mức tín dụng Liquid asset Tài sản lưu động Net worth Giá trị ròng Acceleration clause Điều khoản tăng tốc độ trả Assessed value Giá để chịu thuế Comparable sales Giá có thể so sánh được Escrow account Tài khoản bảo chứng Escrow analysis Phân tích bảo chứng Legal description Bản mô tả pháp lý Liability insurance Bảo hiểm trách nhiệm Mortgage banker Ngân hàng thế chấp Mortgage insurance Bảo hiểm thế chấp Partial payment Trả một phần Payment change date Ngày thay đổi khoản tiền trả Periodic rate cap Mức tối đa khoản trả định kì Personal property Tài sản cá nhân Promissory note Giấy cam kết thanh toán nợ Purchase agreement Hợp đồng mua bán Purchase money transaction Chuyển giao tiền mua Rate lock Khóa lãi suất Real estate agent Đại diện địa ốc Rent loss insurance Bảo hiểm thiệt hại tiền thuê Replacement reserve fund Quỹ dự trữ để thay thế The terms above are added to new meanings to reflect new concepts Their rules are based on the nearest connection about any aspects. These notions used in Vietnam and Vietnamese provide new meaning for equivalent words with the same rule. 35
48. 6. Translation by addition Addition is the translation in which additional information is supplied in a TL on order to help the readers understand it exactly. For example the term “Mail questionaire” can be translated into “Bảng câu hỏi gửi thư”, but if it is translated as “Phương pháp điều tra bằng câu hỏi gửi thư”. It will be more clearly, and the readers will be able to understand it more deeply when meeting it in Real estate document. The following is the collection of Real estate business terms which are translated by this strategy: English terms Vietnamese equivalents Economic environment Yếu tố môi trường kinh tế Location pricing Định giá theo vị trí và không gian mua Political legal environment Yếu tố môi trường chính trị pháp lý Title company Công ty xác minh quyền sở hữu Creditor account Tài khoản thanh toán với người mua Checkable deposits Các khoản kí thác tại ngân hàng Luxury tax Thuế đánh vào hàng xa xỉ Differential tariff Thuế quan phân biệt đối xử 36
49. CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 1. Difficulties in translation of English-Vietnamese Real-estate business terms. Translation is evaluated as a field which requires learners and researchers not only study hard but also try their best to improve knowledge in every sector in daily life. Especially, translations of a specialist field like Real-estate business will be much more difficult and complicated. The followings are some problems I have in the process of translation from English into Vietnamese. The first difficulty is the lack of knowledge about mother tongue language related to Real-estate business. This is a very critical background for translating effectively but it seems to be that nobody focuses on improving their mother tongue language knowledge. It explains why most of translators find it easier for them to translate from Vietnamese to English than reserve direction. Translator cannot find a suitable word in mother tongue language to apply in their translation document despite of their understanding that document very well. For instance “Repositioning” can be translated as “định vị lại” but it will be much better if we translate as “tái định vị”. The popular thinking is that Vietnamese people are supposed to be the best at Vietnamese, so translators just focus on improving their knowledge of English. The fact proved that it is a completely wrong thinking. The second difficulty is that the translator does not understand deeply about Real-estate business field. Therefore, they cannot translate Real-estate business terms in different contexts precisely or sometimes, they translate it well but they don not understand it well and the reader might ask them for the term’s explanation, they will not able to answer. 37
50. The third difficulty is the scope of Real-estate business. The scope of real-estate business is large, having many terms in this field so the translator can not cover all terms in this field. So, in this research the translator focus on the form of structure of terms and some translation techniques applied when translate the English-Vietnamese terms in Real-estate business. 2. Suggested solutions for Real-estate business translation In the process of studying, I myself have to face up with the above difficulties and the followings are some suggestions for those problems. First of all, the translator should spend time on improving their mother tongue language in Real-estate business terms. There are many methods to do that; we can read books, newspapers, magazines related to Real-estate business. By doing that , we can not only collect many Vietnamese real-estate business terms, their meaning ,their using but also understand more and more about real-estate business in Vietnamese and in the world. Therefore, we will be able to translate Real-estate business documents not only precisely but also smoothly and easy to understand. Secondly, besides the theoretical background knowledge, translator must have experiences of translation. The experiences must be collected from the fact. There will be not any good translation if translator does not know what he is translating. Therefore, in order to achieve the aim of having good translation of Real-estate business, translator is required to have deep studies on those terms as well as the translation for them. Finally, translator should buy some Real-estate business dictionaries so that we not only can look up for new words but also improve our Real- estate business vocabulary understanding. Through the chapter II, –Into Real estate business terms and their equivalent study on the popular construction of Real estate business terms and specially the popular strategies applied in translating Real estate business terms, we find that different translation procedures are employed to translate technical 38
51. terms in Real estate business field, such as : Shift or transposition translation, translation by paraphrase using related word, translation by paraphrase using unrelated word, translation by using loan word loan word plus explanation, literal translation and translation by addition. Among them, we should pay attention to translation by using loan word or loan word plus explanation because during translating Real estate business documents from English into Vietnamese, we often face the words which have foreign origin or have no equivalent in TL or are popularly used in international transactions. In this case when translating we often use them as a loan word in Vietnamese. For example: SWOT analysis is the most important step in process of analyzing your competitors. SL TL SWOT analysis : strength, Phân tích điểm mạnh, điểm yếu, các cơ hội weakness, opportunities, threats và các mối đe dọa của đối thủ cạnh tranh. 39
52. PART III: CONCLUSION I. Major findings It can not deny that today English is the most widely spoken language in the world, and English has acquired the largest vocabulary of the world’s language. The important role of English is illustrated in all fields such as politics, science, economy, culture, and so on. Therefore, translation of terms in ESP plays an important role, especially in the age of globalization. Being aware of the importance of translation in specific field, I made up my mind on “A study on the English-Vietnamese terms in Real estate business” including three parts in this graduation paper. In part I Introduction, the reason, aims, scope, methods and design of the study are present. Part II is local point with three chapters. Chapter I is theoretical background providing the readers general view of translation, and some knowledge about ESP for each student know deeper terms. In chapter II, the readers can know a lot of real estate business terms and some techniques applied in translation are effective to translate terms in real estate business. To classify the terms follow to each of technique of translation is caused difficulties to me. But this thing really helped me know more about structure of word and techniques of them. Next, chapter III is Finding and Implication, the writer found some difficulties which translator usually mention in the translation process. Therefore, the writer gave some effective suggestions to overcome these problems. And Part III is Conclusion to summarize the study. I hope that this study can help readers and learners, especially those who study in business field related to real estate business terms. II. Implication for ELT and Learning English Language Teaching and Learning context in Vietnam show that the demand for English is very great. This is clearly seen in the multitude of 40
53. institutions and centers that offer English courses as well as in the great number of learners who go to English classes. The learners may study English for a variety of reasons but they all do so because they want to or need to. For some students, the motivation may be in the form of integrative motivation because they wish to integrate themselves into the culture of an English-speaking country like Britain, Canada, or Australia. For others, the motivation is instrumental in the sense that the mastery of the English language is seen as an instrument that can bring them a better job or position. With all these reasons which became motivation helping learners study well and gain necessary skills in English. As you know, English is more and more popular in every fields of social life. Especially, English in Business field plays an important role in economy. It is a common knowledge that, real-estate is a kind of business developing long time in the world, but it is a new field for Viet Nam. Together with securities market, land & housing market has made the Vietnam’s economy hotter than ever before. Housing and land have today caused much concern of many people. The day by day accommodation is of a great demand. So, my research paper in Real-estate business that helps learners having vocabularies in this field which can be taught as a matter of translation for English majors, as ESP for Finance & Banking Colleges and Universities, as ESP for students of Business Administration Department. III. Suggestion for further study In the time to come Vietnam will further integrate into the world economy and culture. Real-estate business therefore will become more and more important and interpretation concerning Real-estate business field is more interesting. This progress requires translation of high quality. Thus, more study should be carried out so that translating Real-estate business documents will become easier. These studies should touch upon translation 41
54. from different perspectives, especially the impacts of the translations on their readers because it is the readers that are the final and most important assessors of translations. In conclusion, I would like to contribute to the study of English- Vietnamese translations in Universities and on the media this thesis. In my opinion, it can be considered a companion of all people who are seeking to improve their English-Vietnamese translation skills as well as the quality of their translations. Hopefully, readers of this thesis can find it useful in their future work and study or at least see it as a reference worth looking at. Due to limitation of time and reference sources as well as the author’s ability, all aspects of Real-estate business cannot be touched. The author hopes that she would go further with her research on other subjects of translation such as: An English –Vietnamese translation on landing market An English- Vietnamese translation on housing market An English-Vietnamese translation on securities market There are certainly weaknesses in this research paper, constructive comments, suggestions & recommendations are most welcomed. 42
55. REFERENCES 1. Newmark, Peter.(1988). A text book of Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press 2. E.A.Nida.(1975). Language Structure and Translation 3. Nguyen Xuan Thom.(1999). English for Finance and Banking 4. PGS.TS Phan Thi Cuc and PGS.TS Nguyen Van Xa.(2009). Đầu Tư Kinh Doanh Bất Động Sản 5. Bell Roger.T.(1991).Translation & translating 6. Dudley-Evans, Tony.(1998). Development in English for Specific Purposes. Cambridge University Press. 7. http: //www.investopedia.com/terms 8. http ://www.realestateabc.com/glossary 9. 10. 11. 12. 43
56. APPENDIX OF EQUIVALENTS English terms Vietnamese equivalents Rate lock Khóa lãi suất Right of first refusal Quyền ưu tiên mua Adverse Possession Sở hữu đối nghịch Bankruptcy Phá sản, võ nợ Collateral Vật thế chấp Common areas Khu vực chung Credit repository Tổ chức thu thập hồ sơ tín dụng Delinquency Để nợ quá hạn Eminent domain Quyền trưng mua Examination of title Báo cáo kiểm tra chủ quyền Fee simple estate Bất động sản quyền tuyệt đối Firm commitment Cam kết chắc chắn Home equity line of credit Mức tín dụng theo trị giá nhà Leasehold estate Bất động sản cho thuê Codominium Nhà chung cư Condominium hotel Khách sạn chung cư Contingency Ddieuf khoản dự phòng Depreciation Giảm giá, khấu hao Equity Trị giá tài sản Loan servicing Nghiệp vụ cho vay Lock-in period Thời gian khóa lãi suất Refinance transaction Giao dịch tái đầu tư Survey Trắc địa Commercial paper discounting Chiết khấu thương phiếu Interest rate ceiling Lãi suất trần 44
57. Bid discounts Giảm giá dự thầu Bid closing Đóng thầu Bidding documents Hồ sơ mời thầu Disbursement Giải ngân Cost estimate Ước tính chi phí Funding source Nguồn vốn Mezzanine Financing Tài trợ tổng hợp Settlement of disputes Giải quyết tranh chấp Reimbursable Có thể hoàn trả Eligible bidder Nhà thầu hợp lệ National procurement network Hệ thống mạng đấu thầu quốc gia Contract standard Quy chuẩn hợp đồng Open tender Đấu thầu rộng rãi Evaluated price Giá dự tính Time-based contract Hợp đồng tính theo thời gian Tax-free Miễn thuế Ownership and disposal of Quyền sở hữu và xử lý các thiết bị equipments Liability of the central bank Trách nhiệm thanh toán của NHTW Bank draft Hối phiếu ngân hàng Fiscal agent Cơ quan quản lý tài khóa Consumer credit Tín dụng khách hang Demand-pull inflation Lạm phát do chi phí đẩy No-cost loan Khoản vay không phí Sale-leaseback Bán-thuê lại Secondary market Thị trường thứ cấp 45