Khóa luận A study on terminology in translating travel contracts from english into Vietnamese - Lê Thu Trang

Nội dung text: Khóa luận A study on terminology in translating travel contracts from english into Vietnamese - Lê Thu Trang

1. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG ISO 9001 : 2008 KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH: NGOẠI NGỮ HẢI PHÒNG - 2012 1
2. HAIPHONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON TERMINOLOGY IN TRANSLATING TRAVEL CONTRACTS FROM ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE By: LÊ THU TRANG Class: NA1202 Supervisor: MRS.HOÀNG THỊ BẢY, M.A HAI PHONG - 2012 2
3. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinh viên: Mã số: Lớp: Ngành: Tên đề tài: 3
4. Nhiệm vụ đề tài 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp ( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ). 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán. 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp. 4
5. CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Người hướng dẫn thứ hai: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày 12 tháng 04 năm 2010 Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành xong trước ngày 10 tháng 07 năm 2010 Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Sinh viên Người hướng dẫn Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 HIỆU TRƯỞNG GS.TS.NGƯT Trần Hữu Nghị 5
6. PHẦN NHẬN XÉT TÓM TẮT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp: 2. Đánh giá chất lượng của khóa luận (so với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán số liệu ): 3. Cho điểm của cán bộ hướng dẫn (ghi bằng cả số và chữ): Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 Cán bộ hướng dẫn (họ tên và chữ ký) 6
7. NHẬN XÉT ĐÁNH GIÁ CỦA NGƯỜI CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP 1. Đánh giá chất lượng đề tài tốt nghiệp về các mặt thu thập và phân tích tài liệu, số liệu ban đầu, giá trị lí luận và thực tiễn của đề tài. 2. Cho điểm của người chấm phản biện : (Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ) Ngày tháng năm Người chấm phản biện 7
8. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Rationale of the study 2 2. Aims of the study 2 3. Scope of the study 2 4. Method of the study 2 5. Design of the study 3 PART II: DEVELOPMENT 4 CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF TRANSLATION 4 I. Definition of translation 4 II. Types of translation 6 II.1 Word to word 6 II.2 Literal translation 7 II.3 Faithful translation 7 II.4 Semantic translation 7 II.5 Free translation 8 II.6 Adaption 8 II.7 Idiomatic translation 8 II.8 Communicative translation 9 III. Equivalence in translation 9 IV. ESP in translation 10 IV.1 Concept 10 IV.2 Types of ESP 11 IV.3 Definition of technical translation 13 V. Terminology and Travel contract terms 13 1. Definition of English terms 13 2.Characteristics of terms 15 2.1. Accurateness 15 8
9. 2.2. Systematism 15 2.3. Internationalism 16 2.4. Nationalism 16 2.5. Popularity 16 3. The creation of terminology 17 4. The distinction terms & words 18 5.Terms in travel contract field 18 5.1. Definition 18 5.2. Classification of travel contract terms 19 5.2.1. Single terms 19 5.2.2. Compound terms 20 CHAPTER II: SOME STRATEGIES APPLIED IN TRANSLATION OF SOME COMMON TRAVEL CONTRACT TERMS 22 I. The strategy applied in translation of single terms 22 1. General single terms 23 2. Single terms with suffixes “er”, “or”, “tion 24 II.The strategies applied in translation of compound terms 25 II.1 Shift or transposition translation 25 II.1.1 Automatic translation 25 II.1.2 Rank-shift translation 30 II.2 Translation by omission 31 II.3 Translation by addition 32 II.4 Translation by paraphrase using related words 33 II.5 Translation by using a loan word 34 CHAPTER III. IMPLICATION 37 I.Some problems in translation process 37 I.1. Misunderstanding 37 I.2. Difficulties 38 II.Some suggestions to solve the problems 39 PART III. CONCLUSION 40 9
10. REFERENCES 41 APPENDIX 43 10
11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Hoang Thi Bay (M. A) who from the beginning to the end, helped me to finish this paper with valuable instructions and precious materials. The success I got through last time would be almost impossible without her enthusiastic supports. My sincere thanks also go to other teachers who have always been most willing to give me precious suggestions and reference books. Last but not least, I would like to give heartfelt thanks to my family and friends who I have never enough words to express my great gratitude for encouragement, support and help. Hai Phong, 2012 Student Le Thu Trang 11
12. PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study No one denies the importance of English language in the present time as a global language. It is maybe the only language that truly links the whole world together. English appears in all fields of life such as: business, education, healthcare, culture, so on. There is no doubt that, the English is language of communication between the people with different cultures. Also one of the reasons that contributed to the spread of English is that, it is the language of the modern era. Where the people use it in various fields of life such as, economy, e-commerce, medicine and aviation. In addition, it is the language which is used in the tourism and travel. Together with the dramatical development of international tourism, Viet Nam has many remarkable achievements these years. According to Viet Nam General Department of Tourism, in 2011, the number of tourists visiting Viet Nam was over 9 million tourists, a rise of 1.012% compared with 2010. With rich and attractive natural resources, typical culture and stable economy, Viet Nam has a lot of potential to develop tourism and attract domestic and foreign tourists. A number of Vietnamese learners get trouble in translating terminology in travel contracts; certainly face difficulties in the translation process due to not only the variety of Vietnamese and English words, the differences of using specific English words but also more and more appearances of new terms in human activities. That is the main reason inspiring me to carry out this study. Importantly, I hope that to some extent my study can offer a thorough understanding about terminology in travel contracts as well as help Vietnamese in translation of this field terms. 12
13. 2. Aims of the study My study aims at: Introducing theoretical background of translation, terminology, translation methods. Giving some strategies applied in translation of terminology in travel contracts. Pointing out some difficulties, common mistakes possibly in the translation process made by Vietnamese learners and suggesting some solutions to avoid misunderstanding when translating it. 3. Scope of the study Travel contracts terms are extremely large of the study. Due to the limitation of time, knowledge and experiences, I am not ambitious to study all masters of this theme but only focus on translation theory and give some strategies to apply to translate terminology in travel contracts terms. 4. Methods of the study In order to achieve the mentioned aims, in my study process, the following methods are employed: Data collection: Reading books and reference books about translation, terminology and English travel contracts to establish the theoretical background for my study, searching books on the internet and collecting information from foreign websites. Data analysis: Selecting related document and classifying information in terms of the aims of the study. Comparative and contrastive analysis: Analyzing the above classified information, arranging the information into the parts of the study. 13
14. 5. Design of the study My study is divided into three main parts of which the second one is the most important. Part I: Introduction – gives out rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study. Part II: Development: mentions the main contents of the study and it is further divided into three chapters as below:  Chapter I: Theoretical background _ introduces definition of translation, translation methods.  Chapter II: Terminology, some analysis, comparison, contrast-points out some strategies applied in the translation of terminology in travel contract terms.  Chapter III: Implication-points out some problems in translation process and gives some suggestions to solve the problems. Part III: Conclusion-gives main ideas mentioned in previous parts and some suggestions for further study. 14
15. PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I:THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I. Definition of translation Translation has existed in every corner of our life. It is considered as an indispensable part in the field of not only literature, culture and religion but also commercial advertisement, popular entertainment, public administration, and education .Some of the translation scholars defined their theories as source-oriented theories, others regarded them as the target- oriented theories. Thus, definitions of translation are numerous and a large numbers of writers have written about this subject .In this paper, some various concepts of translation have been collected as follows: Translation is the comprehension of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a “translation” that communicates the same message in another language. The text that is translated is called the “source text”, and the language that it is translated into is called the “target language”. The product is sometimes called the “target text”. _ Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language. _ Advanced Oxford Dictionary_ Translation as the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies, Translation is the replacement of a 15
16. representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. _Roger T.Bell, 1991_ Translation is rendering a written text into another language in a way that the author intended the text. _Bui Tien Bao_Ha Noi National University_ Translation is the replacement of text material of this language (source language) with text material of another (target language). _ Cartford, 1965: 20_ Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language (the source text) and the production, in another language of a equivalent text (the target text) that communicates the same message _ E.A. Nida, 1959_ Translation is the process of communication in which the translator is interposed between a transmitter and a receiver who use different languages to carry out code of conversation between them. _Tanke, 1975_ Translation will be understood as the final product of problem solving and sign production of a receptor-text (RT) functionally equivalent to a source text (ST) by a human being in a given language for a given group of text receivers. _Diaz-Diacaretz, 1985_ Translation is a text with qualities of equivalence to a prior text in another language, such that the new text is taken as a substitute for the original. _ David Frank (Wordpress.com) _ 16
17. Translation is a process of communication whose objective is to import the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader. _Levy (1967:148) _ Translation is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent in the content of the message and the formal features and the roles of the original _Bell, 1991_ Translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions _Savory, 1968_ Translation is to be understood as the process whereby a message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the target language" _ Houbert (1998:1) _ Translation is an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication. _ Hatim and Mason (1997:1) _ II.Types of translation II.1 Word to word This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. Source language : I am a student at Hai Phong Private University. Target language : Tôi là sinh viên trường đại học Dân Lập Hải Phòng. 17
18. II.2 Literal translation The SL grammatical construction is converted to the nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. Source language : The project was implemented thank to the assistance of the United States. Target language : Dự án này được thực hiện nhờ sự giúp đỡ của Mỹ. II.3 Faithful translation: The translation reproduces the exact contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the grammatical structures of the target language. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-reality of the SL writer. Source language: Today the Vietnamese are, almost no exception, extremely friendly to Western visitors. Target language: Ngày nay, người Việt Nam, gần như không có ngoại lệ, đều rất thân thiện với du khách phương Tây. (Text book for Translation 1_Hai Phong Private University) II.4 Semantic translation Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on “meaning” where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in finished version. Source language: Today the Vietnamese are, almost no exception, extremely friendly to Western visitors. Target language: Ngày nay người Việt Nam đếu rất thân thiện với các khách du lich nước ngoài. (Text book for Translation 1_Hai Phong Private University) 18
19. II.5 Free translation Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content with out of the form of the original. The advantage of this type of translation is that the text in TL sounds more natural. On the contrary, the disadvantage is that translating is too casual to understand the original because of its freedom. Source language: She stood by the window and looked out dully at a gray cat walking a gray fence in a gray backyard. Target language: Cô ấy đứng bên cửa sổ, nhìn u sầu con mèo mướp bên ngoài đang đi trên hàng rào cũ trong cái sân ẩm mốc. II.6 Adaption This seems to be the freest way of translation. It’s used mainly for plays, poetry in which the themes, characters and plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and text rewritten. Source language: It would rather the victorious brightness In an only moment the centenary twinkle Target language: Thà một phút huy hoàng rồi vụt tắt Còn hơn buồn le lói suốt trăm năm _( Xuân Diệu)_ II.7 Idiomatic translation Idiomatic translation reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and the idiom where these do not exist in the original. Source language: When in Rome, do as Romans do Target language: Nhập gia tùy tục 19
20. II.8 Communicative translation Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. Source language: Good morning Target language: Bác đi đâu đấy ạ? III. Equivalence in translation Baker explores the notion of equivalence at different levels, in relation to the translation process, including all different aspects of translation and hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She distinguishes: Equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level, when translating from one language into another. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottom-up approach to translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be taken into consideration by the translator. In fact, when the translator starts analyzing the ST she looks at the words as single units in order to find a direct 'equivalent' term in the TL. Baker gives a definition of the term word since it should be remembered that a single word can sometimes be assigned different meanings in different languages and might be regarded as being a more complex unit or morpheme. This means that the translator should pay attention to a number of factors when considering a single word, such as number, gender and tense. Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. She notes that grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a direct correspondence in the TL. In fact, she claims that different grammatical structures in the SL and TL may cause remarkable changes in the 20
21. way the information or message is carried across. These changes may induce the translator either to add or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of particular grammatical devices in the TL itself. Amongst these grammatical devices which might cause problems in translation Baker focuses on number, tense and aspects, voice, person and gender. Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a SL text and a TL text in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a cohesive and coherent text for the TC audience in a specific context. It is up to the translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the SL text. His or her decision will be guided by three main factors, that is, the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type. Pragmatic equivalence, when referring to implicatures and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implicature is not about what is explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in translation in order to get the ST message across. The role of the translator is to recreate the author's intention in another culture in such a way that enables the TC reader to understand it clearly. IV. ESP in translation IV.1 Concept ESP is the abbreviation for English for Specific Purpose. It is defined in the other ways. Some people described ESP as simply being the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified. Others, however, were more precise, describing it as the teaching of English used in academic studies or the teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes. 21
22. Tony Dudley-Evans, co-editor of the ESP Journal gives an extended definition of ESP in terms of 'absolute' and 'variable' characteristics _Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997)_  Absolute:  ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners  ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves.  ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre.  Variable:  ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines  ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English  ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level  ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students.  Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems IV.2 Types of ESP David Carter (1983) identifies three types of ESP: • English as a restricted language • English for Academic and Occupational Purposes • English with specific topics.  The language used by air traffic controllers or by waiters are examples of English as a restricted language. Mackay and Mountford (1978) clearly illustrate the difference between restricted language and language with this 22
23. statement: “ the language of international air-traffic control could be regarded as 'special', in the sense that the repertoire required by the controller is strictly limited and can be accurately determined situation, as might be the linguistic needs of a dining-room waiter or air-hostess. However, such restricted repertoires are not languages, just as a tourist phrase book is not grammar. Knowing a restricted 'language' would not allow the speaker to communicate effectively in novel situation, or in contexts outside the vocational environment (pp. 4-5).  The second type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for Academic and Occupational Purposes. In the 'Tree of ELT' (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987), ESP is broken down into three branches: a) English for Science and Technology (EST) b) English for Business and Economics (EBE) c) English for Social Studies (ESS) Each of these subject areas is further divided into two branches:  English for Academic Purposes (EAP)  English for Occupational Purposes(EOP). An example of EOP for the EST branch is 'English for Technicians' whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is 'English for Medical Studies'. - The third and final type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English with specific topics. Carter notes that it is only here where emphasis shifts from purpose to topic. This type of ESP is uniquely concerned with anticipated future English needs of, for example, scientists requiring English for postgraduate reading studies, attending conferences or working in foreign institutions. 23
24. IV.3 Definition of technical translation According to Wikipedia, Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of documents produced by technical writers ( owner’s manuals, user guides, etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information. In “ Approaches to translation” (1981), Newmark differently distinguishes technical translation from institutional translation: “Technical translation is one of the part of specialized translation; institutional translation, the areas of politics, commerce, finance, government etc is the other.” He goes on to suggest that technical translation is potentially non- cultural and universal because the benefits of technology are not confined to one speech community. The terms in technical translation, therefore should be translated. On the contrary, institutional translation is cultural, so, in principle, the terms are transferred unless they are connected with international organization. Though having different approaches to technical translation, two authors view it as specialized translation with its essential element – “special terms”. V. Terminology and Travel contracts 1. Definition of English terms Up to now there are various definitions of terminology by many linguists. Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are words and compound words that in specific contexts are given specific meanings, meanings that may deviate from the meaning the same words have in other contexts and in everyday language. The discipline Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be 24
25. and their interrelationships within a culture. Terminology differs from lexicography in studying concepts, conceptual systems, and their labels (terms), whereas lexicography study words and their meanings. _ Terminology is the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular subject _ Advanced Oxford Dictionary Terminology is the study of and the field of activity concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentations of terms, i.e. lexical items belonging to specialized areas of usage of one or more languages. _ Dafydd Gibbon, MET DST 1998 Terminology is defined as “a word or a combination of words that denotes the concept precisely and its relationship with other concepts in specific area. Terminology is a specialized and restricted expression on things, phenomena, characteristics, and the relationship in a specific profession”. _Russian Encyclopedia, 1976_ Terminology is a word or combination of words that is used in science, technology, politics, art and it has specific meaning, denotes precise concepts and names of the above-mentioned scientific areas. _Nguyen Van Tu, 1960:176_ Terminology is a section of special lexis of a language. It consists of fixed words and groups of words which are accurate names of concepts and subjects belonging to different specialized fields of human being. _Nguyen Thien Giap, 1981_ 25
26. 2. Characteristics As a special unit in the lexical system of language, terminology has its own distinctive features. According to many linguists, terminology should have the following qualities: accurateness, systematism, internationalism, nationalism, popularity. 2.1 Accurateness The first quality of terminology is accurateness, that is, it expresses a specific concept or definition concretely and precisely so that it can help to avoid the misunderstanding one concept for another. It is necessary for each term in a typical professional scale, denotes only one concept in that system. The meaning of a term is normally the combination of linguistic signals not only the sum of its component’s meaning. Luu Van Lang ( 1977) claimed that each linguistic signal poses one basic nuclear meaning and vice versa a concept also has a typical linguistic signal in a concrete situation. New Mark (1998) also said that concept-words are notorious for their different meanings in various technologies. Therefore, when a term is created in a specific field, it is necessary to take into account its homophone or synonymy which is often seen in linguistic. 2.2 Systematism It is the second criterion of a scientific term. As a part of language, each term has its own position in the system of concepts and belongs to a terminological system. Each term requires its meaning in the relationship with other terms in its system. Once separated from its system, its meaning in vague. Therefore, systematism is seen as one of the most important features of terminology. There is the difference in the viewpoints about the characteristics of terminology among terminologists. Some say the typical characteristic of terminology is the systematic formation, whilst others claim 26
27. that it is the feature of content. However, it is the combination of both content and expression form. It is impossible to separate a concept from the system to make a term but it determines its position in the system. 2.3 Internationalism As mentioned above, terms are special words expressing common scientific concepts together with the development, cooperation and scientific, technological exchanges among countries throughout the world, terms are internationalized. The globalization enables terminology to be used more popularity in different languages so as to make the international science develop faster. As a result of this process, there are exits a number of terms being internationalized in different languages namely medicine ( names of illness, medicine, physic, telecom ). Based on the criteria of terminology, each language may require other principles in accordance with its culture. Accordingly, terminology in Vietnamese is not an exception, it has its typical characteristics including nationalism and popularity. 2.4 Nationalism It is undeniable that term is special linguistic unit of a language used in specific profession; it clearly belongs to national language. As a result, terminology in Vietnam should be imbued with Vietnamese culture, and characteristics of Vietnamese language. They should be appropriate to Vietnamese people from the lexicology to grammatical composition. 2.5 Popularity It is characteristics of terminology which can bring scientific and technological progress to all people. As a component of linguistics, terminology plays an important role in pushing up the development of 27
28. science, hence it should be comprehensible to all people in its way of reading, writing, speaking and memorizing. 3. The creation of terminology According to the International Standardization Organization ( ISO, 1988), the following factors are of essential consideration in the creation of terminology are: Firstly, terms must persistently show typical features of the concept they denote so as to bring about the exact reference. In addition, they need to be economical to avoid giving rise to homonymy. Besides, terms should be lexically systematic and conform to the phonological and morphological rules of the language. Furthermore, terms should follow the common rules of word- formation of the language, that is, they should allow composition and derivation where are necessary. Lastly, the meaning of term should be context-free. Term creation including primary and secondary, is under various influences and subject to different motivation. When a new concept appears, primary term formation is created meanwhile secondary term formation appears to name monolingual revision of given terminology or the term in the TL after a process of transferring knowledge from one linguistic community to another. It is common knowledge that technical terminology is volatile due to the changes and continual development of science and technology. Both primary and secondary term formation in technology is affected by a proliferation of variants and synonyms which occur to satisfy the need for popular version of scientific term and product differentiation. 28
29. 4. The distinction between terms and words. It is necessary to distinguish between terminology and ordinary words. Baker ( 1998) claims that “ terms differ from words in that they are endowed a word with a special form of reference, namely that they refer to discrete conceptual entities, properties, activities or relations which constitute the knowledge space of a particular subject field” In addition, meanwhile words function in general reference or a variety of subject fields, terms have special reference within a particular discipline and they keep their lives and meaning is only when they serve the system of knowledge that creation them. Despite the distinction between term and word mentioned above, the boundary between them is not a clear cut, as many terms become ordinary words when they are closed to daily life and used with high frequency and many words become terms when they are used in specialized field. 5. Terms in Travel contract field 5.1 Definition Contract: We can easily get “hợp đồng” in Vietnamese equivalent by dictionary and in this area; the meaning of word has no change in TL. Contract is any written instrument or electronic document that referred to agreement between two parties to perform work or provide goods, including agreement or order for the procurement of supplies or services. 29
30. For example: “The contract shall state clearly the total amount, or “ceiling”, of fees to be paid to the consultant”. (Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under JBIC ODA Loans: 17) (Hợp đồng sẽ công bố rõ tổng giá trị hợp đồng hoặc “giá trần”, chi phí phải trả cho bên tư vấn). 5.2. Classification of travel contract terms 5.2.1 Single terms The single term in travel contracts field can be single word or can be formed by the help of prefixes and suffixes For example: 1. General single terms Suite Ferry Passport Visa Occupancy Supply Amenities Commissionable Tariff 2. Single terms with suffixes Noun-forming by suffixes: “er”, “tion”, “or” Supervisor Commissions Joiner Reception Confirmation Ventilator Registration 30
31. 5.2.2 Compound terms Compound noun formed by N + N Leisure travel Adventure travel Mice tour Buffet breakfast First class Business class Group passport Emergency passport Conference room Light baggage Room attendant Room transfer Bell captain City guide City tour Companion fare Companion rate Cancellation penalty Combination destination Conference center Group arrangements Group operator Hotel package Hotel register Impulse travel Incentive fare Advance deposit Arrival date Arrival list Arrival time Conference business Shift leader Support center Departure list Day rate 31
32. Compound noun formed by adj + N Double room Double locker Executive housekeeper Continental breakfast Soft drinks Extra bed Normal passport Official passport Diplomatic passport Commercial agency Concrete jungle Double rate Domestic itinerary Early departure Continental plan Extra charge Compound noun formed by participle + N Expected arrival Expected departure Changing room Diving tour Connecting room Repeating guest 32
33. CHAPTER II: SOME STRATEGIES APPLIED IN TRANSLATION OF SOME COMMON TRAVEL CONTRACT TERMS As said in previous sections, travel contract terms include single words, compound words. Thus, basing on the theoretical background in the previous chapter, this chapter will analyze in detail some of the most popular strategies used in translation of travel contract terms as well as help readers clearly understand about new concepts of this field. I. The strategy applied in translation of single terms. There are many strategies applied to translate single terms. However, due to the limited time and knowledge, this paper just concentrates on one of the most popular strategies. That is recognized translation. Recognized translation is applied in translating single terms because terms can be formed by different ways. Therefore the most important things the translators have to do is recognizing how terms are formed, as a result, translators cam translate these terms easily. A large number of words can be translated basing on original words in general text. Due to the multi-lexical meaning of word and types of translation field, word still carries the original meaning or has slight change in meaning which translators can easily realize this characteristic and find the closest meaning of word in TL. For example, “broker” can be translated as “ người môi giới” basing on original meaning in general text but “agreement” means “hiệp định” when it is used in ESP. 33
34. 1. General single terms Source Language Target Language Suite Loại phòng nghỉ cao cấp ở khách sạn Passport Hộ chiếu Ferry Tàu du lịch vận chuyển dài ngày Occupancy Mức độ chiếm phòng (phòng đã đặt) Amentities Tiện nghi ( đồ mà khách sạn cung cấp) Commissionable Dịch vụ, chỗ ngồi trong khách sạn Supply Đồ khách sạn cung cấp Visa Thị thực Tariff Bảng giá 34
35. 1.2 Single terms with suffixes “ er”. “ or”, “tion” Source Language Target Language Joiner Khách cùng đi du lịch Ventilator Quạt thông gió Reception Dịch vụ đón tiếp Confirmation Xác nhận đặt phòng Supervisor Giám sát viên Registration Đăng kí Commissions Tiền hoa hồng 35
36. I. Strategies applied in translation of compound terms. II.1 Shift or transposition translation The most popular strategy applied to translate compound terms is Shift or transposition translation. A “shift” (in Catford’ term) or “transposition” (Vinay & Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL, including two sub classification: automatic translation and rank-shift translation. II.1.1 Automatic translation That is one type of transposition which has change in the word order, and offers translator no choice. The following examples will provide readers the features of automatic shift strategy. The compound word “ Double room” is formed by an adjective and a noun. “Double” means “ đôi ” and “room” means “phòng” in Vietnamese equivalent. And “ double room” is translated as “ phòng đôi”. It is clear that the position between two words has changed in TL. In English the adjective “ double” stands before the noun “ room” but this order has changed conversely in Vietnamese TL. The other term, “Conference room” is known as “Phòng hội nghị” in Vietnamese equivalent. There is also change in the order of these words, in English the noun “Conference” stands before the noun “room” however, when it is translated into Vietnamese, the noun “ conference ” comes after the noun ”room”. The automatic shift is flexibly applied in translation, and all words in the term are naturally converted from English into Vietnamese without adding any expression 36
37. Compound nouns formed by noun + noun Source Language Target Language Leisure travel Du lịch nghỉ dưỡng, tham quan thông thường Mice tour Tour hội thảo, hội chợ First class Vé máy bay hạng sang nhất Adventure travel Loại hình du lịch khám phá mang tính mạo hiểm Buffet breakfast Ăn sáng tự chọn ở khách sạn Business class Vé hạng thương gia trên máy bay Group passport Hộ chiếu cấp cho một nhóm công dân đi du lịch một lần Emergency passport Hộ chiếu khẩn cấp ( không có giá trị đi du lịch) Conference room Phòng hội nghị Light baggage Phòng có hành lý nhẹ Room attendant Nhân viên phục vụ phòng Room transfer Khách chuyển phòng Bell captain Đội trưởng khuân vác ở khách sạn City guide Sách hướng dẫn du lịch City tour Tour du lịch trong thành phố Companion fare Giá cước cho người đi theo Companion rate Suất giá cho người cùng thuê 37
38. Cancellation penalty Khoản phạt hủy bỏ Combination Điểm du lịch hấp dẫn destination Conference center Trung tâm hội nghị Group arrangements Dịch vụ cung cấp cho khách tại điểm đến nằm trong lộ trình du lịch Group operator Cơ sở kinh doanh dịch vụ du lịch tại chỗ Hotel package Suất bao khách sạn Hotel register Sổ đăng kí theo dõi Impulse travel Du lịch ngẫu hứng Advance deposit Tiền đặt cọc Arrival list Danh sách khách đến Arrival date Ngày khách đến Arrival time Giờ khách đến Conference business Dịch vụ hội nghị Incentive fare Giá cước du lịch thưởng Day rate Giá thuê trong ngày Departure list Danh sách khách trả phòng Shift leader Trưởng ca Support center Bộ phận hỗ trợ 38
39. Compound nouns formed by adj + noun Source Language Target Language Double room Phòng đôi Double locker Phòng khóa kép Executive housekeeper Trưởng bộ phận phòng Continental breakfast Bữa ăn sáng kiểu lục địa Soft drinks Đồ uống không cồn Extra bed Giường kê thêm Normal passport Hộ chiếu thông thường Official passport Hộ chiếu quan chức đi công vụ Diplomatic passport Hộ chiếu người làm công tác ngoại giao Concrete jungle Khu du lịch vô tổ chức Double rate Mức giá phòng đôi Domestic itinerary Hành trình du lịch trong nước Continental plan Giá phòng bao gồm tiền phòng và một bữa ăn sáng Early departure Khách trả phòng sớm 39
40. Compound nouns formed by participle + N Source Language Target Language Expected arrival Phòng khách đặt sắp đến Expected departure Phòng khách sắp trả Changing room Phòng thay đồ của nhân viên Diving tour Tour du lịch tham gia lặn biển Connecting rooms Phòng thông nhau Repeating guest Khách lưu trú nhiều lần ở khách sạn 40
41. II.1.2 Rank-shift translation The other case of “shift translation” called “Rank-shift translation”, also involves the change in the grammar from SL to TL; however, the TL is added or omitted word comparing with SL. Example: Executive housekeeper Trưởng bộ phận phòng Adj +noun Noun + Noun We can see that in SL, “executive housekeeper” is composed by Adj and Noun, but Adj “ Executive” becomes Noun when this term is translated into TL. We also can see that there is changing in the grammar of the word from SL to TL. Example: Complimentary rate Giá phòng ưu đãi Adj + Noun Noun+ Noun+ Adj In the TT, you can see that it is added word “ phòng” comparing with SL. Adding words make readers understand clearer and more exactly about the terms. Source Language Target Language Companion rate Suất giá cho người cùng thuê Executive housekeeper Trưởng bộ phận phòng Complimentary rate Giá phòng ưu đãi Group operator Cơ sở kinh doanh dịch vụ du lịch tại chỗ Companion fare Giá cước cho người đi theo Incentive fare Giá cước du lịch thưởng 41
42. II.2. Translation by omission This strategy is often used to translate phrases by omitting words that are not essential to the meaning or impact of the text in order to avoid redundancy in translation text. For instance, SL “Back of the house”, the word “back” means “phía sau” in Vietnamese equivalent. And we can easily get the translation text by word to word strategy as “phía sau của khách sạn”. However, we should translate by omitting the word “of” to avoid the boringness in the translation text and it is after translated as “hậu sảnh ”. Another example , after omitting the preposition “of” in “free of charge”, it means “miễn phí”. With this strategy, the content of SL is not changed, and translators can gain a better and more natural Vietnamese TL. Source Language Target Language Back of the house Hậu sảnh Front of the house Tiền sảnh Free of charge Miễn phí Letter of confirmation Thư xác nhận Method of payment Phương thức thanh toán Kinds of room Hạng, loại phòng Method of selling rooms Phương thức thanh toán phòng 42
43. II.3 Translation by addition This strategy often adds information, explains more about terms which are difficult to focus on a word or phrase in TL so that readers can understand the terms exactly. For example, the term “soft drinks” can be translated into Vietnamese by word to word method as “ đồ uống nhẹ”, however, it is translated as “đồ uống không cồn”, The term “sleep out”, it can be known as “ ngủ ngoài” in Vietnamese equivalent but it is used in travel, which means “khách ngủ ngoài, không ngủ ở khách sạn”. Some examples are also translated by applying this strategy: Source Language Target Language Diving tour Tour du lịch mà khách tham gia lặn biển để ngắm các rặng san hô Soft drinks Các loại đồ uống không cồn Extra bed Giường kê thêm để tạo thành phòng triple từ phòng Twin hoặc phòng Double No baggage Phòng khách không có hành lý Occupied clean Phòng đang có khách lưu trú đã được làm vệ sinh Occupied dirty Phòng đang có khách lưu trú chưa được làm vệ sinh Stay over Khách kéo dài thời gian lưu trú, không trả phòng như dự định Walk –in – guest Khách vãng lai tự đến, không đặt phòng trước 43
44. II.4 Translation by paraphrase using related words This strategy can be used when we translate an English word or concept that all meanings conveyed by the English term for the same concept. For example, the term “ concrete jungle” is known as “rừng rậm”, but when we translated in travel term, it means that “ khu du lịch đông đúc, vô tổ chức”. If this term is transferred word by word from English into Vietnamese, translation result may become more redundant. In order to avoid improper translation version, paraphrase is the best strategy. Some examples for this strategy: Source Language Target Language Concrete jungle Khu du lịch đông đúc, vô tổ chức Make up Bảng yêu cầu làm phòng Black market Chúc may mắn ( trước những chuyến đi quan trọng) High roller Khách chơi bạc hào phóng, phung phí Invisible export/import Số tiền mà công dân nước nào đó đã chi tiêu du lịch trên nước khác Front desk Quầy lễ tân Desk agent Lễ tân Ghost town Thành phố trước đông người ở, giờ trống trơn, trở thành điểm du lịch 44
45. II.5 Translation of abbreviation by using loan words Loan words have increased in the process of human working and studying and occupied a large amount of vocabulary to enrich the human language. In the recent decades, Vietnamese language has added more new loan words originating from English such as chat (nói chuyện), copy (sao chép), marketing (tiếp thị), menu (danh sách), list (danh sách), ect. And in the procurement field, loan words are mainly the cases of abbreviation. An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word abbreviation can itself be represented by the abbreviation “abbr” or “abbrev”. Normally, name of organizations are written in form of abbreviations such as ATC Bank, WTO, ATECH, ASEAN, AMT, IT. Abbreviations of this field are also classified into the most common types: acronyms Acronyms are the words built from the initial of several words. An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. Almost acronyms are formed by the initialism that is group of initial letters used for a name or expression, each letter being pronounced separately, such as ABF( American breakfast) or VOA(Visa on arrival). With an acronym, translators can make terms to be shortened to avoid the redundancy while the readers still get them 45
46. The following attached reference table is illustrations in order that readers can closely approach with this strategy: Abbreviation Full of form Vietnamese ABF American ABF ( Bữa ăn sáng kiểu Mỹ) breakfast SGL Single bed room SGL ( Phòng 1 giường, 1 người ở) TWN Twin bed room TWN (Phòng 2 giường, 2 người ở) DBL Double bed room DBL ( Phòng 1 giường lớn, 2 người ở) TRPL Triple bed room TRPL (Phòng 3 người ở) OW One way OW ( Vé máy bay 1 chiểu) STA Scheduled time STA (Giờ đến theo kế hoạch) arrival ETA Estimated time ETA (Giờ đến theo dự kiến) arrival STD Scheduled time STD (Giờ khởi hành theo kế hoạch) departure ETD Estimated time ETD (Giờ khởi hành theo dự kiến) departure VOA Visa on arrival VOA (Thị thực cấp trực tiếp cho khách tại cửa khẩu) MU Make up MU (Bảng yêu cầu làm phòng) 46
47. OC Occupied clean OC (Phòng đang có khách lưu trú đã được làm vệ sinh) OD Occupied dirty OD (Phòng đang có khách lưu trú chưa được làm vệ sinh) RS Refuse service RS (Khách từ chối phục vụ) SO Slept out SO (Khách ngủ ngoài, không ngủ trong khách sạn) VC Vacant clean VC (Phòng trống sạch) VD Vacant dirty VD (Phòng trống bẩn) VR Vacant ready VR (Phòng trông sẵn sàng đón khách) VIP Very important VIP (Khách quan trọng) person FIT Free independent FIT (Khách du lịch tự do) travelers BB Bed and BB (Phòng ngủ và ăn sáng) breakfast 47
48. CHAPTER III: IMPLICATION I. Some problems in translation process 1.1 Misunderstanding This is common situation in translation. Words in general English can carry different meanings and express new concepts in specific English. It is a cause leading to misunderstanding in translation process. The translators often misunderstand the meaning of word between general English and specific English or among fields. In specific cases, each word express different meaning. For example, the word “skips” in general English means “ ông bầu”, but in specific English, like “skips” in sport is known as “ đội trưởng, thủ quân”, but in tourism field it means “ khách quỵt, không thanh toán tiền phòng” Another example, “operator” in general English has meaning “ người thợ máy, người coi tổng đài”, but in specific English tourism field, “ground operator” we understand that it means “cơ sở kinh doanh dịch vụ du lịch tại chỗ”. Surely, translators will have conclusion how to use exactly and flexibly Vietnamese equivalent to avoid misunderstanding. 48
49. 1.2 Difficulties In each specific field, there are a lot of terms, especially terms are formed by many ways. Due to limitation of knowledge about the specific field, translators certainly meet difficulties in translating terms. Some terms express new concept or new ideas which are formed in the working process of each field or formed by using habits or slang such as “back-to-back” ( liên tục), “ walk-in-guest” ( khách vãng lai, tự đến). In fact, there are a lot of terms which the meaning are easily guessed basing on the meaning of each word or via shift translation. For instance, the term “double room”, we can easily get its meaning through the word “double” and “room”. Or the term “ buffet breakfast”, we can easily translate it as “ bữa sáng tự chọn” by looking up the word “ buffet” and “ breakfast” in dictionary. On the contrary, there are a lot of terms or phrase which can translate individual words but it is difficult to guess the meaning of whole term or focus on a word or expression in Vietnamese equivalent. In this case, if we apply word to word strategy in translation , it is possible to cause a misunderstanding or restriction. For example, “desk agent” means “ lễ tân”, or “ check-in” is known as “ thủ tục nhân phòng khách sạn” and “check-out” means “ thủ tục trả phòng khách sạn” Sometimes, translators also meet difficulties in translating of abbreviation because abbreviation is formed by a variety of methods, if translator have limitation of knowledge about what they stand for, they can fail to find convert meaning of word in dictionary 49
50. II. Some suggestions for translation The most difficult to translate ESP is terminology which is often translated practically and exactly in requirement. Generally, the best translation should be performed according to some following steps:  The translators should try to understand new terms in the whole content and intention of the text which they are translating. The principal way to reach it is reading all sentences or the text completed to give the idea that we want to say in the TL because the most important characteristic of this technique is translating the message as clearly and naturally as possible. By this way, translators can get the meaning of word in the detailed content. Most of terms are created from original word in general English.  Secondly, the translators should search the knowledge about the translation matter in order to, at least understand the concept of terms and use them correctly and decrease all the difficulties stated above. By doing this, translators can choose the best equivalence in Vietnamese and avoid the misunderstanding.  Thirdly, the translators should avoid the tendency to translate word by word because that will destroy the meaning of original word and ruin the beauty of the expression. Basically, most of the terms are translated by using general word. However, sometimes, it is necessary to translate an English word by a long phrase or even a whole sentence to help reader under. 50
51. PART III : CONCLUSION Nowadays, English is considered an international language, therefore, it becomes an obligatory subject in schools and universities. The important role of English is illustrated in every field of human life such as: economy, science, and politics, medical, etc. Therefore, translation of English terms for specific purposes plays a crucial role. My graduation paper is divided into three parts: the rationale, aims, methods, scope and design of the study are mentioned in part one with the aim that the readers could have an overview of my study. Part II is the most important in this study including three chapters. Based on the theoretical background of translation and translation methods in chapter I, chapter II gives some strategies applied in translation of some common travel contract terms such as recognized translation, shift translation, translation by omission, translation by addition, translation by paraphrase using related words, translation by using a loan word. Then, some difficulties in translation process and some suggestions are given in chapter III. Part III summarizes main ideas mentioned in previous parts and gives some suggestions for further study Hopefully, my study will be really helpful for all caring about travel contract term knowledge, especially English terms relating to tourism field. It can suggest the useful ideas for the further studies to readers. Surely, mistakes and shortcomings in this graduation paper are unavoidable due to my limitation of time and knowledge. Therefore, I am always willing to receive the contributions, advices and sympathies from teachers and readers to make my graduation paper much better. 51
52. REFERENCES 1. Baker, M. (1992), A Course book on translation( London Routledge) 2. Bell R. T (1991) Translation and translating : Theory and Practice (Applied Linguistic and Language Study), London: Longman Group Ltd 3. Catford J.C (1996) A linguistic theory of translation( London Oxford University Press). 4. Hutchinson, T & Water, A (1987) English for Specific Purposes : A learning – concreted approach ( Cambridge University Press) 5. Jakobson R (1959) Linguistic aspects of translation 6. Perter Newmark (1988) A text book of translation: theorical and practical implications( Oxford: Pergamon press) 7. Tony Dudley – Evans and Maggie Jo St John (1998) Developments in English for Specific purpose: A multi-disciplinary approach ( Cambridge University Press). 8. Do Huu Chau (1998) Co so ngu nghia hoc tu vung. NXB Giao Duc 9. Roger, T. Bell (1991) Translation and Translating : Theory and Practice, New York: Longman Inc. 52
53. WEBSITES: 1. 2. trong-khach-san.html 3. 4. 5. nghanh-kinh-doanh-du-lich-lu-hanh.html 6. 7. 8. 53
54. APPENDIX No English Vietnamese 1 Block booking Đặt phòng cho một nhóm người 2 Check-in-hour Giờ nhận phòng 3 Check-in-date Ngày nhận phòng 4 Check-out-hour Giờ trả phòng 5 Check-out-date Ngày trả phòng 6 European plan Giá chỉ bao gồm tiền phòng 7 F.O cashier Nhân viên thu ngân lễ tân 8 F. O equipment Thiết bị tại quầy lễ tân 9 Other requirements Các yêu cầu khác 10 Pre-assignment Sắp xếp phòng trước 11 Pre-payment Thanh toán tiền trước 12 Pre-registration Chuẩn bị đăng kí trước 13 Revenue center Bộ phân kinh doanh trực tiếp 14 Out of order Phòng hỏng/ đồ vật hỏng không sửa được 15 Out of service Phòng tạm thời chưa đưa vào 54
55. phục vụ do sửa chữa 16 Pantry Kho tầng chứa đồ để chuẩn bị cho việc phục vụ khách 17 Hotel representative Đại diện khách sạn 18 Houseman/woman Nhân viên tạp dịch nam/nữ 19 Low season Mùa thấp điểm 20 High season Mùa cao điểm 21 Lounge Phòng đợi 22 Manual Sách dành tham khảo trong du lịch 23 Inbound Khách du lịch quốc tế, người Việt tại hải ngại đến du lịch Việt Nam 24 Outbound Người Việt Nam, người nước ngoài tại VN đi thăm quan các nước khác 25 Trekking Tour du lịch khám phá, mạo hiểm 26 Kayaking Tour du lịch mà khách tham gia trực tiếp chèo thuyền vượt qua t ghềnh thác 27 Homestay Tour du lịch mà khách sẽ ở tại nhà người dân bản xứ 55
56. 28 Full board package Tour trọn gói gồm tất cả các bữa ăn sáng, trưa, tối 29 Half board package Tour trọn gói nhưng chỉ gồm ăn sáng, ăn trưa hoặc ăn tối 30 Free & Easy package Tour du lịch cơ bản chỉ gồm phương tiện vận chuyển, phòng nghỉ và các bữa sáng tại khách sạn. 31 Junior suite Phòng khách sạn rộng, có chỗ làm việc, nơi ngủ và nơi tiếp khách được ngăn riêng bằng vách ngăn 32 Jitney Xe khách bình dân, xa thả 33 Off-line Hoạt động ngoài, không theo tuyến 34 Group plan rate Giá phòng cho khách đoàn 35 Guaranteed booking Đặt phòng có đảm bảo 36 Guest folio account Sổ theo dõi các chi tiêu của khách 56
57. 37 Guest history file Hồ sơ lưu của khách 38 Guest service Dịch vụ khách hàng 39 Handicapper room Phòng dành cho người khuyết tật 40 House count Thống kê khách 41 Housekeeping Bộ phận phục vụ phòng 42 Housekeeping status Tình trạng phòng 43 In-house guests Khách đang lưu trú tại khách sạn 44 Late check out Phòng trả trễ 45 No show Khách không đến 46 Non- guaranteed Đặt phòng không đảm bảo reservation 47 Công suất phòng Occupancy level 57
58. Overbooking Đặt phòng quá tải (vượt trội) 48 49 Overnightaccommodation Ở lưu trú qua đêm 50 Overstay Lưu trú quá thời hạn. Thẻ, phiếu đăng ký Registration card 51 Registration process Qui trình đăng ký 52 54 Registration form Phiếu đặt phòng 55 Room availability Khả năng cung cấp phòng 56 Room cancellation Việc hủy phòng 57 Room count sheet Kiểm tra tình trạng phòng 58 Room counts Kiểm kê phòng 58 Under stay Thời gian lưu trú ngắn hơn 60 Sleeper Phòng khách đã trả nhưng lễ tân 58
59. quên 61 Room off Phòng không sử dụng 59