Khóa luận A study on the translation of technical terms from english into Vietnamese

Nội dung text: Khóa luận A study on the translation of technical terms from english into Vietnamese

1. HAIPHONG PRIVATE UNIVESITY Tờ 2 FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT Tờ 1 ISO 9001 : 2008 GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS FROM ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE By: Bïi Thu Hµ Class: NA 1001 Supervisor: NguyÔn ThÞ Hoa M.A HAI PHONG – 2010
2. Tờ 3 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinhviên: Mã số: Lớp: Ngành: Tên đề tài :
3. Tờ 4 Nhiệm vụ đề tài 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp ( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ). 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán. 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp.
4. Tờ 5 CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Người hướng dẫn thứ hai: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày 12 tháng 04 năm 2010 Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành xong trước ngày 10 tháng 07 năm 2010 Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Sinh viên Người hướng dẫn Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 HIỆU TRƯỞNG GS.TS.NGƯT Trần Hữu Nghị
5. Tờ 6 PHẦN NHẬN XÉT TÓM TẮT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp: 2. Đánh giá chất lượng của khóa luận (so với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán số liệu ): 3. Cho điểm của cán bộ hướng dẫn (ghi bằng cả số và chữ): Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 Cán bộ hướng dẫn (họ tên và chữ ký)
6. NHẬN XÉT ĐÁNH GIÁ CỦA NGƯỜI CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP 1. Đánh giá chất lượng đề tài tốt nghiệp về mặt thu thập và phân tích tài liệu, số liệu ban đầu, giá trị lý luận và thực tiễn của đề tài. 2. Cho điểm của người chấm phản biện : (Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ) Ngày tháng năm 2010 Người chấm phản biện
7. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PART I : INTRODUCTION 1 I. Rationale 1 II. Research restriction and application 1 III.Methods of the study 2 V.Design of the study 2 PART II: DEVELOPMENT 3 Chapter 1: Theoretical background 3 1.Translation 3 1.1 Definition of translation 3 1.2. Definition of equivalence in translation 4 1.3 Types of translation 4 2. ESP in translation. 6 2.1 Definition of ESP 6 2.2 Types of ESP 8 2.3 Definition of technical translation 9 2.4 Translation in the area of technical terms 10 Chapter 2: Some strategies in translating technical terminology. 11 Definition of terminology 11 The creation of terminology 12 The distinction between terms and words 12 I. Typical features of technical terminology 13 1. Accuracy 13
8. 2. Internationalism 14 3. Systematic 14 4. Nationalism 14 5. Popularity 15 II. Structural features 16 1. Single terms and Neologisms 16 1.1 Single terms 16 Sub-technical terms 16 Highly technical terms 17 1.2 Neologism 17 Eponymy 18 Acronyms 18 2. Compound terms 18 -Nominal group 20 Terms consist of: Past participle +noun 20 Terms consist of gerund+ noun 20 Terms consist of noun+gerund 20 Terms consist of : noun+Past participleI+thing 20 -Noun phrase 20 Terms consist of: noun+ noun 20 Terms consist of : Adj+noun 20 Terms consist of : Adj+Adj 20 Terms consist of thing+quantifier 21 Terms consist of : Acronyms+ noun. 21
9. III. Some strategies in translating technical terminology 22 Chapter 3: The translation of technical terms into Vietnamese 28 1. Single terms & Neologism 28 2. Compound terms 32 PART III: CONCLUSION 37 REFERENCE 38 GLOSSARY 40
10. PART I INTRODUCTION I. Rationale As we all know that English is increasingly becoming the international language and communication, most fields use foreign languages especially English. However, each field has own terms. To understand these terms is not easy else. Translators sometimes have difficulties in translating and expressing. Technical field is one of fields used English much more. Almost equipments, machines or assembly lines are instructed by English. It is difficult to operate, install and repair equipment exactly. Translating technical texts is quite difficult, it requires translators to translate specialized terms exactly. So, translators have a deeply knowledge in technical field. In technical texts, there are some loan terms orginated from Latin, it is not restricted clearly between the terminology and the general words because of its polysemantic. For the students who studying English, especially students of scientific and technology, it is difficult to study technical English. With complex construction such as passive voice, impersonal of verbs, sometimes we can see the sentences has not predictation or subject. To help English students and technical students understand technical terms clearly and translate these terms exactly, I choose this topic in my graduation. II. Research restriction and application. During the time of my research, I have met many technical terms. It actually benefits me in life and probably contributes to my decision in the career in the future. Due to the limitation of timeframe and knowledge, in this graduation paper, I can only introduce the translation of the technical terms in the electrical engineering which deals with the design , frabrication and 1
11. operation of electronic devices and system. Besides, some terms of technical fields will be displayed in the glossary. My research can be valuable for the teachers and students of Foreign Languages Department. Moreover, it may be also an useful reference document to whom is studying in the electrical engineering and is working at the electric power plants. III. Methods of the study All the pesentations and analyses of this graduation paper are based on materials collected from different sources. All the publications such as books, works of research are used as the source of provding theoretical background for my study. Methods which are deployed to collect material include: reading and collecting material from books, internet; consulting supervisor; and the help of friends . IV. Design of the study This study consists of three parts: Part I is an introduction which includes rationale, reseach restriction and application, methods of study. Part II is the development and is also the most important part. It has three main chapters: Chapter 1 The theoretical background. Chapter 2 Some strategies in translating technical terminology Chapter 3 The translation of technical terms into Vietnamese Part III. Is the conclusion of the whole study 2
12. PART II: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical background 1. Translation 1.1. Definition There are many ways to definite translation. Herein after is some typical definitions: Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.( Roger T.Bell). Translation is rending a written text into another language in a way that the author intended the text.( Bui Tien Bao- Hanoi National University). Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, like wise called a “translation” that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is called the “source text”, and the language that it is to translate into is called the “target language”; the final product is sometimes called the “target text”.(by http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/translation) Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language. (By Advanced Oxford Dictionary) Translation is an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication. Hatim and Mason (1997;1) 3
13. 1.2. Definition of equivalence in translation. Equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording.( Vinery and Darbelnet) Translation equivalence exists between forms in a source language and a target language if their meaning matches. In other words, translation equivalence should answer the question “What do the speakers of this language actually say to express the desired meaning?” (Wayne Leman worldpress.com) Equivalence, when applied to the issue of translation, is an abstract concept and actually refers to the equivalence relationship between the source text and the target text.( Asian Social Sience (CCSE) 1.3 Types of translation Translation can be devided into 8 types as bellow: Word-to-word translation This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. Literal translation The SL grammatical construction is converted to the nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. Faithful translation A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures 4
14. Semantic translation Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on “meaning” where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in finished version. Free translation Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content with out of the form of the original. The advantage of this type of translation is that the text in TL sounds more natural. On the contrary, the disadvantage is that translating is too casual to understand the original because of its freedom. Adaption This is the “freest” form of translation. It is used mainly for plays and themes The SL culture is converted into the Tl culture and is rewritten. Idiomatic translation Idiomatic translation reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and the idiom where these do not exists in the original. Communicative translation Communicative translation attempts to reader the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. 5
15. 2. Translation in ESP 2.1 Definition of ESP There is a great number of definitions of ESP because people have given different emphases to the variety of elements. One may hold that the age of the learners is a main factor, but another agures that the purpose of the learners the most important one. Thus, the definition of ESP may be grouped into three categories focussing on age, time, and purpose. The first element is the time available. Fitzijohn Robinson (1980;9) notes that: “The very concept of “Special purpose” implies that foreign language study is a subsidiary contribution to another, main interest, and that there will normally be pressure to achieve the required level of linguistics competence in the minimum of time”. The second important factor is that of age. Most learners of ESP are adults or near adults. This is obvious when English for Occupational Purposes is considered. This type of ESP is for people who are in jobs or about to take up employment. “The number of people wanting to learn English for Specific Purposes is spiralling. By and large these people have been students in tertiary education, and adults”. Robinson (1980;9). The third factor is the learner’s purposes. This is the most important element of ESP, so Brumfit (1997;71) states that “First, it is clear that an ESP course is directly concerned with the purposes for which learners need English, purposes which are usually expressed in functional terms. ESP thus fits firmly within the general movement towards “communicative” teaching of the last decade or so”. 6
16. This definition implies two things : (1) the broad meaning of the terms “purposes”, and (2) the method of teaching/ learning for these purposes. ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decision as to content and method are based on the learner’s reason for learning. Hutchinson (1987;19). ESP is the abbreviation for English for Specific Purpose. It is defined in the other ways. Some people described ESP as simply being the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified. Others, however, were more precise, describing it as the teaching of English used in academic studies or the teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes. Tony Dudley-Evans, co-editor of the ESP Journal gives an extended definition of ESP in terms of 'absolute' and 'variable' characteristics (see below). Definition of ESP Dudley-Evans (1997) Absolute Characteristics 1. ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners 2. ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves. 3. ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre. Variable Characteristics 1.ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines 2. ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English 3. ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level 7
17. 4. ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students. 5. Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems 2.2 Types of ESP There are numberous definitions of ESP. Similarly, there are many ways of classifying ESP course. Mackay and Mountford (1987;2) suggest three kind of ESP: Occupational requirement, e.g for international telephone operators, civil air pilots. Vocational training programmes, e.g for hotel and catering staff, technical trades. Academic or professional study, e.g. engineering, medicine, law. The language used by air traffic controllers or by waiters are examples of English as a restricted language. Mackay and Mountford (1978) clearly illustrate the difference between restricted language and language with this statement: “ the language of international air-traffic control could be regarded as 'special', in the sense that the repertoire required by the controller is strictly limited and can be accurately determined situationally, as might be the linguistic needs of a dining-room waiter or air-hostess. However, such restricted repertoires are not languages, just as a tourist phrase book is not grammar. Knowing a restricted 'language' would not allow the speaker to communicate effectively in novel situation, or in contexts outside the vocational environment. The second type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for Academic and Occupational Purposes. In the 'Tree of ELT' Hutchinson & Waters (1987), ESP is broken down into three branches: a) English for Science and Technology (EST) b) English for Business and Economics (EBE) c) English for Social Studies (ESS) 8
18. Each of these subject areas is further divided into two branches: + English for Academic Purposes (EAP) + English for Occupational Purposes(EOP). An example of EOP for the EST branch is 'English for Technicians' whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is 'English for Medical Studies'. The third and final type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English with specific topics. Carter notes that it is only here where emphasis shifts from purpose to topic. This type of ESP is uniquely concerned with anticipated future English needs of, for example, scientists requiring English for postgraduate reading studies, attending conferences or working in foreign institutions. According to the types of ESP above, technical terms belongs to English for Science and technology (EST). 2.3 Definition of technical translation Sofer (1991) as follow distinguishes technical translation from literal translation “the main division in the translation field is between literary and technical translation”. According to him, literal translation covers such areas as fictions, poetry, drama and humanities in general and is done by writers of the same kinds is the TL, or at least by translators with the required literary attitude. Meanwhile, technical translation is done by much greater number of practitioners and is an ever-going and expanding field with excellent opportunities Newmark (1981) differently distinguishes technical translation from institutional translation: “technical translation is one part of specialized translation, institutional translation, the area of polities, commerce, finance, goverment etc is the other”. He goes on suggesting that technical 9
19. translation is potentially non-cultural and universal because benefits of technology are not confined to one speech community The terms in technical translation, therefore, should be translated. On the contrary, institutional translation is cultural, so, in principle, the terms are transferred unless they are connected with international organization. These two authors, though having different approaches to technical translation they both knew it as specialized translation with its essential element “specialized terms” 2.4 Translation of technical terms In the scientific technical texts are usually used amount of scientific terms, it means that terminology express the scientific concepts. It is not restricted clearly between the terminology and the general words because of its polysemantic. When translating these terms into Vietnamese, the translator use many loanwords orginated from Latin. In some technical guide books, we meet a lot of paragraghs in which words and phrases often list numbers, technical report. These words and phrases were set up follow the model, the specialist terminology set up follow the lexical model. 10
20. Chapter 2: Some strategies in translating technical terminology Definition of terminology. Up to now there are various definitions of terminology by many linguists. In the Russian Encyclopedia (1976) terminology is defined as “a word or a combination of words that denotes the concept precisely and its relationship with other concepts in specific area. Terminology is a specialized and restricted expression on things, phenomena, characteristics, and the relationship in a specific profession” Terminology is a word or combination of words that is used in science, technology, politics, art and it has a specific meaning, denotes precise concepts and names of the above-mentioned scientific areas Nguyen Van Tu (1960;176) Terms are specialist words used within a scientific field, a professional or any technological field Do Huu Chau (1998) Terminology is a section of special lexis of a language. It consists of fixed words and groups of words which are accurate names of concepts and subjects belonging to different specialized fields of human being Nguyen Thien Giap (1981) Terms are words and compound words that are used in specific contexts. Not to be confused with "terms" in colloquial usages, the shortened form of technical terms (or terms of art) which are defined within a discipline or specific field 11
21. ( ) The creation of terminology According to the International Standardization Organization (ISO, 1988), the following factors of essential consideration in the creation of terminology are: Firstly, terms must be persistently show typical features of the concept they denote so as to bring about the exact reference. In addition, they need to be economical to avoid giving rise to homonymy. Besides, terms should be lexically systematic and conform to the phonological and morphological rules of the language. Furthermore, terms should follow the common rules of word- formation of the language, that is, they should allow composition and derivation where are necessary. Lastly, the meaning of term should be context-free. Term creation including primary and secondary, is under various influences and subject to different motivation. When a new concept appears, primary term formation is created meanwhile secondary term formation appears to name monolingual revision of a given terminology or the term in the TL after a process of transferring knowledge from one linguistic community to another. It is common knowledge that technical terminology is volatile due to the changes and continual development of science and technology. Both primary and secondary term formation in technology is affected by a proliferation of variants and synonyms which occur to satisfy the need for popular version of scientific term and product differentiation. The distinction between term and word It is necessary to distinguish between terminology and ordinary words. Baker (1998) claims that “terms differ from words in that they are endowed a word with a special form of reference, namely that they refer to discrete 12
22. conceptual entities, properties, activities or relations which constitute the knowledge space of a particular subject field” In addition, meanwhile words function in general reference or a variety of subject fields, terms have special reference within a particular discipline and they keep their lives and meaning s only when they serve the system of knowledge that create them Despite the distinction between term and word mentioned above, the boundary between them is not a clear cut, as many terms become ordinary words when they are closed to daily life and used with high frequency and many words become terms when they are used in specialized field I. Typical features of technical terminology. As a special unit in the lexical system of language, terminology has its own distinctive features. According to many linguists, terminology should have the following qualities: accurateness, systematism, internationalism, nationalism, popularity 1. Accuracy The first quality if terminology is accurateness, that is, it expresses a specific concept or definition concretely and precisely so that it can help to avoid the misunderstanding one concept for another. It is necessary for each term in a typical professional scale, denotes only one concept in that system. The meaning of a term is normally the combination of linguistic signals not only the sum of its component’s meaning. Luu Van Lang (1977) claimed that each linguistic signal poses one basic nuclear meaning and vice versa a concept also has a typical linguistic signal in a concrete situation. New Mark (1998) also said that concept-words are notorious for their different meanings in various technologies. Therefore, when a term is created in a specific field, 13
23. it is necessary to take into account its homophone or synonymy which are often seen in linguistics The accuracy is one of features of technical termonology, it has the logical basic. It is not used the expressive construction. 2. Systematism Which deals with all the terms in a specific subject field or domain activity. It is the second criterion of a scientific term. As a part of a language, each term has its own position in the system of concepts and belongs to a terminological system. Each term requires its meaning in the relationship with other terms in its system. Once separated from its system, its meaning in vague. Therefore, systematism is seen as one of the most important features of terminology. There is the difference in the viewpoints about the characteristics of terminology among terminologists. Some say the typical characteristic of terminology is the systematic formation, whilst others claim that it is the feature of content. However, it is the combination of both content and expression form. It is impossible to separate a concept from the system to make a term but it determines its position in the system. 3. Internationalism Terms are special words expressing common scientific concepts together with the development, cooperation and scientific, technological exchanges among countries throughout the world, terms are internationalized. The globalization enables terminology to be used more popularity in different languages so as to make the international science develop faster. As a result of this process, there are exists a number of terms being internationalized in different languages namely medicine (names of illness, medicine, physic, telecom ).Based on the criteria of terminology, each language may require 14
24. other principles in accordance with its culture. Accordingly, terminology in Vietnamese is not an exception, it has its typical characteristics including nationalism and popularity When translating the technical texts into Vietnamese, the technical terms are effected greatly by foreign language. It is used largely in the world. Example: rotor, stator, turbine, cathode, antenna. 4. Nationalism: It is undeniable that term is special linguistic unit of a language used in specific profession, it clearly belongs to national language. As a result, terminology in Vietnam should be imbued with Vietnamese culture, and characteristics of Vietnamese language. They should be appropriate to Vietnamese people from the lexicology to the grammatical composition 5. Popularity. It is characteristic of terminology which can bring scientific and technological progress to all people. As a component of linguistics, terminology plays an important role in pushing up the development of science, hence it should be comprehensible to all people in its way of reading, writing, speaking and memorizing In summary, the general characteristics of terminology have been reviewed. They are the vital principles in the creation and existence of terminology in science and technology 15
25. II. Structural features 1. Single terms and neologisms. 1.1 Single terms There are many ways applied to translate single terms. However, due to the limited time and knowledge, this paper concentrates on one of the most popular way: recognized translation A large number of words can be translated based on original words in general text. Due to the multi-lexical meaning of word and type of translation field, word still carries the original meaning and has slight change in meaning which translators can easily realize and find the closest meaning of the word in TL. Sub-technical terms In the scientific and technological texts are known as sub-technical (or semi-technical). This consists of items of vocabulary from normal English operating within science context. Besides the differences existing in the labelling of this special range of words existing between the fully technical and general Engish. Some researchers prefer using sub-technical, others prefer semi- technical. There are some commentators who prefer to use the term in relation to general vocabulary of science consists of words that have a wide distribution. Others adopted abroader view on sub-technical vocabulary, maintaining that it consists of words that have one or more general meaning and in technical context take on extended specialized technical meaning. 16
26. Sub-technical terms can be classified into categories : words that have the same meaning in several science or technical disciplines words such as function, isolate, basis, stir, boil, freeze) that is context independent and words that are common but take on extended meanings in specific ST texts. Context dependent discipline based word. The already popular claim that these intermediate level words, neither highly technical nor obviously general constitude. For example, the words “ conductor” in everyday language means a person who collects fares, but in the electricity it means a substance. “spring” in everyday language means season of the year, but in the electricity it means an equipment of hanging system. “field” in everyday language means an area of land where grows crops, keep animal or catsle, in the electricity it means that a force of magnet. - Highly technical terms: In the scientific and technological texts, the sub-technical terms are about 70 percent Inman (1979). Because in technical texts, there is not the clear distiction between general words and specialized words. Highly technical terms are used less than sub-technical terms. Highly technical terms are specialized words which used in owns fields. For example: “electromagnet”, “magnetic” are the words belongs to highly technical terms mean that “ nam châm điện”, “ nam châm” 1.2 Neologisms: Neologisms (term creation) we can see that terms may be created by assigning new meaning to existing terms or by combining and deleting lexical elements DUBUC (1997:131-141). In either case, certain principles should be restricted to improve the chances that new terms will be accepted. 17
27. Sense neologisms do not involve any chage to the form of the term. Instead, they result from: Expension: extending the meaning of a term by giving it a new meaning, as in shift from the concrete to the abstract or from the abstract to the concrete. Metaphor : giving a new meaning by analogy to that of an established terms. Metonymy: taking the part of for the whole. Eponymy: widening the use of a proper name as a common noun (e.g: Watt from James Watt, the Scottish inventor of the unit of electrical power) Conversion of grammatical category. Borrowing from another subject field: adopting a term already established else where with a slight change in meaning such as animate to inanimate. Form neologisms ( that is new lexical items) are created through a variety of process) including: Derivation: by adding grammatical prefixes or suffixes to establish. Composition: by joining bound are free forms in single words. Blending: by clipping and joining parts of multiple words in a single words. Acronymy and initialization by a joining certain syllabes or letter from compound. Borrowing : adopting a word from another language. Acceptance of neologism depends on such factors are their brevity, their mnemonies and their potential for derivation or productivity. 18
28. But the most important factor in acceptance of neologism is the motivation: the term should reflect the characteristic of concept it designates. - Eponyms are the words which constructed with the proper name or general name. They are used in written or spoken communication in the technical texts. Eponyms in the technical texts are often name of the scientists or investors. For example : “Watt” from James Watt, the Scottish inventor of the unit of electrical power. - Acronyms are the words which constructed with the first letter of a word group. Acronym terms are words or phrases that have been abbreviated. They are used in written or spoken communication in technical field to save time and space. Abbreviation terms sometimes represent the first letter of several words or the first letter of just one word. For example: the word “ AC” is acronym of a phrase “ alternating current” 2. Compound terms Many compound terms and phrases mentioned are easily translated and guessed the meaning basing on the meaning of each word. On the contrary, there are a lot of compound terms and phrases which we can translate individually however, it is difficult to guess the meaning of whole term or focus on a word or compound word in Vietnamese equivalence. - Nominal groups In technical terms, we often use amount of compound terms which constructed from nominal group. They are: Terms consist of classifier Past participle+noun For example: Generated voltage Terms consist of classifier: gerund+noun 19
29. For example: Rotating field Terms consist of : noun+gerund For example: Generator slipring Terms consist of : (noun)+quantifier+ noun For example: 4PDT relays Terms consist of : noun+ Past participle+thing For example: Current- carrying conductor Terms consist of : thing+qualifier For example: Effect of light Terms consist of : preposition+ thing For example: Of travelling wave - Noun phrases Apart from using compound terms from nominal group, we also use “noun phrases” in technical terms. Terms consist of classifier: noun+ noun For example: Pilot exciter Terms consist of classifier : adjective+noun For example: Magnetic field Terms consist of : adj+adj 20
30. For example: Pure inductive Terms consist of acronyms+ noun For example : A.c potentionmeter III. Some strategies in translating technical terminology. The most difficulty to translate ESP is terminology which is often translated practically and exactly in requirement. Generally, the best translation should be performed according to some following steps: The translators should try to understand new terms in the whole content and intention of the text which they are translating. The principal way to reach it is reading all sentences or the text completely to give the idea that we want to say in the TL because the most important characteristic of this technique is translating the message as clearly and naturally as possible. By this way, translators can get the meaning of word in the detail content. Moreover, it is necessary to look up new word in dictionary. Most of terms are created from original word in general English. Secondly, the translators should search the knowledge about the translation matter in order to, at least understand the concept of terms and use them correctly and decrease all the difficulties stated above. By doing this, translators can choose the best equivalence in Vietnamese and avoid the misunderstanding Thirdly, the translator should avoid the tendency to translate word by word because that will destroy the meaning of the original word and ruin the beauty of the expression. Basically most of terms are translated by using general word. However, sometimes, it is necessary to translate an English word by a long phrase or even a whole sentence to help reader understand. 21
31. In the scientific technical texts are usually used amount of scientific terms, it means that terminology express the scientific concepts. It is not restricted clearly between the terminology and the general words because of its polysemantic. When translating these terms into Vietnamese, the translator use many loanwords orginated Latin. In some technical guide books, we meet a lot of paragraghs in which words and phrases often list numbers, technical report. These words and phrases were set up follow the model, the specialist terminology set up follow the lexical model. Single terms. There are many ways applied to translate single terms. However, due to the limited time and knowledge, this paper concentrates on one of the most popular way: recognized translation A large number of words can be translated based on original words in general text. Due to the multi-lexical meaning of word and type of translation field, word still carries the original meaning and has slight change in meaning which translators can easily realize and find the closest meaning of the word in TL. Group I. Sub-technical terms &highly technical Translating by using a loan word In the technical texts are used many loanwords orginated Latin. For example: the term “rotor” and the term “stator” are translated into Vietnamese “ phần quay”, “phần tĩnh”. However, these terms in technical texts are translated “ rôto”, “stato” because these terms have been in common used in 22
32. Vietnamese for a long time, they are often used without any accompanying explanation, whenever a loan word id used, it is better to give a explanation. Another example the terms “diesel” and “creosot”, they are two kinds of oil, and they are translated “điêzen”, “dầu crêôzốt”. Translating by a more specific word. A part from using many loan words, in the technical texts we often meet some specific words. For example: the word “ boss” is often translated into Vietnamese by many meanings such as “ Lãnh đạo”, “ông chủ”, in electrical the words “ boss” means “ búa đập”, or “ bulông, ốc vít”. “Shoe” is traslated into Vietnamese “giầy”, in the electrical it means that “ chân đế”, “má phanh”. Another example, the words “use”, “employ” are also translated into Vietnamese “ sử dụng”. Group II: Neologisms ( eponyms, acronyms) Eponyms Eponyms are the words which constructed with the proper name or general name. They are used in written or spoken communication in the technical texts. Eponyms in the technical texts are often name of the scientists or investors. When translating these technical terms into Vietnamese, Vietnamese translators use many proper names in translation texts. Acronyms Translation of acronyms by using a loanwords Loan words have increased in the process of human working and studying and occupied a large amount of vocabulary to enrich the human language. In the recent decays, Vietnamese language has added more new loan words 23
33. originating from English such as: I (current), R (resistance), M (magnetic), and in the technical field, loan words are mainly the case of acronyms An acronym is a shortened form of a word. Compound terms. Group I: Nominal group Translating by using a loan word plus explanation. The compoud terms are also used amount of loanwords. They often includes two words or more. For example, the terms “ rotor current” is translated into Vietnamese “ Dòng điện rôto”, “ stator winding” means “ cuôn dây stato”. Rank-shift translation The other case, also, involves the change in grammar from SL to TL. However, the TL is added or omitted words comparing with SL Example: Rotating field Từ trường quay V-ing + noun noun + verb We can see that in SL, “Winding resistance” is composed by V-ing and Noun, but V-ing “Rotating” becomes “ verb” when this term is translated into TL. We also can see that there is changing in the grammar of the word from SL to TL For example: Excitation current Dòng điện kích từ Noun+ noun noun + verb 24
34. In the TT, you can see that it is added word “kích từ” comparing with SL. Adding words make readers understand clearer and more exactly about the terms Group II: Noun phrases Translating by a more general words. The words “line”, “circuit” in Vietnamese means “ mạch điện”, however, these words depends on each situation. For example, the terms “ line loop” means “ mạch vòng”, “current circuit” means “ mạch dòng điện” Acronyms Translating acronyms by using loan words. Loan words have increased in the process of human working and studying and occupied a large amount of vocabulary to enrich the human language. In the recent decays, Vietnamese language has added more new loan words originating from Latin such as: I(current) “dòng điện, R(resistance) “điện trở, M(Magnetic)” nam châm” and in the technical field, loan words are mainly the case of acronyms An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example: “DC” is abbreviated by two words “ direct current” Other stratergies: Strategy: How to deal with voice, number, and person. Voice. The passive voice is often used in the technical texts. It causes some difficulties for Vietnamese translation. For example: 25
35. Small generators usually employ permanent for the magnetic field poles while high output generators will require electromagnetic field poles. The electromagnetic field used in power station. Generators is constructed of an iron core with wound coils and when direct current (DC) is passed through the coils. A magnetic field is created within the iron core causing it to become a magnet. ( Principle of generators). This text is translated into Vietnamese “Các máy phát có kích thước nhỏ thường sử dụng các nam châm vĩnh cửu để chế tạo các cực từ trường. Các máy phát điện có công suất lớn trong nhà máy điện sử dụng từ trường của nam châm điện có cấu trúc gồm một lõi sắt với những cuộn dây quấn xung quanh và khi dòng điện một chiều (direct curent-DC) chạy trong các cuộn dây, một từ trường được tạo ra trong lõi sắt làm cho nó trở thành một nam châm.” ( nguyên lý máy phát). Number In the technical texts, name of thing is the first position because the concern issue is the specific penomenon which needs to describe and explain. In the morden technical texts, the content communicates by the impesonal construction “ being”, “ need”, “should”. For example: The shape off the open circuit characteristic curve is determined by the behaviour of the magnetic circuit of the generator. The magnetic circuit being the path taken by the magnetic flux. When the generator is open circuited the terminal voltage is propotional to flux density. At low flux densities the iron circuit offers a very low reluctance path ( opposition to the flow of magnetic lines of force) in comparison to the reluctance air. With this being the case the magnetising current at the lower end of the curve goes largely towards forcing the flux across the two air gaps. This text is translated into Vietnamese “Hình dáng của đường cong đặc tính không tải được xác định bởi tác động của mạch từ của máy phát điện. Mạch từ là đường dẫn tạo ra bởi các đường thông lượng. Khi máy phát hở mạch điện áp đầu máy tỉ lệ với mật độ 26
36. từ thông. Lúc mật độ từ thông thấp mạch từ tạo ra một đường dẫn có từ trở rất nhỏ (tỉ lệ với lưu lượng đường sức từ) so với từ trở của không khí. Điều kiện như vậy ở vào trường hợp dòng từ hoá ở vào đầu thấp hơn của đường cong mở rộng theo hướng ép đường thông lượng từ đi qua hai khe hở.” 27
37. Chapter 3:The translation of technical terms into Vietnamese 1. Single terms & Neologisms 1.1 Single terms Bias : Sự phân cực ( in Vietnamese) The DC in the input circuit of electronic lamp inputs the element of transitor, similarily the bias between the emitter and the base. Conductor: Dây dẫn A substance that allows electricity or heat to pass along it or through it Spring: L ò xo A twisted piece of metal that can be pushed, pressed or pulled but which always returns to its orginal shape or position afterwards Field: Từ trường An area within which the force mentioned has an effect. Electricity: Điện A form of energy from charged elementary particles, usually suplied as electric current through cable, wire Magnetic: Nam châm A piece of iron that attracts objects made of iron towards it, either naturally or because of an electric current that it passed through it. The block becomes magnetic when the current is switched on. Magnet: Từ tính A piece of iron that attracts objects made of iron towards it, either naturally or because of an electric current that is passed through it. Electromagnet: Nam châm điện 28
38. A piece of metal which becomes magnetic when the electricity through it. Electron: Điện tử A very small piece of matter with a negative electric charge, found in all atoms. Proton: Hạt điện dương or prôton A very small piece of matter with a positive electric charge that forms part of the nuleus. Neutron: H ạt điện tích âm, or nơtron A very small piece of matter that carries no electric charge and that forms part of the nucleus. Nucleus: Hạt nhân A part of atoms that contains most of its mass and that carries a positive electric charge. Atoms: Nguyên tử The smallest part of a chemical element that can take part in chemical reaction. Ions: Ion An atom or a molecule with a positive or negative electric charge caused by its losing or gaining one or more electrons. Volt: Vôn A unit for measuring the force of an electrical current Resistance: Điện trở The opposition of a piece of equipment Current: Dòng điện The flow of electricity through a wire Circuit: M ạch 29
39. The complete path of wires abd equipment along which an electric current flows. Rotor: Ph ần quay, rôto A part of a machine that turns around a central point. Stator: Ph ần tĩnh, stato A part of a machine that holds and causes rotating field. Busbar Thanh g óp điện Relay: Rơ le An electronic device that receives radio or television signal and sends them on again with greater strength. Fuse Cầu chảy A small wire or device inside a piece of electrical equipment that breaks and stops the current if the flow of electricity is strong. Pivot: Tr ục The cetral point, pin or culumn on which sth turns and balances. 1.2 Neologisms Overcurrent: D òng điện quá tải Overload: Sự quá tải An electrical current or a part of generator consumps the output higher than the electrical lagging designed Intra-atomic: Nội nguyên tử Sub-cooled: Quá lạnh Sub-switch: Cầu dao phụ tải Sub-loading: Phụ tải Extra-code: Mã ngoài Polystyrene : Chất dẻo PS 30
40. It is a kind of synthetic resin which has mechanic feature and insulator feature, it is a good insulation. Bioelectric : Điện sinh vật Ohm : Om Is the name German scientist who found out the relation between the electrical potential, current, resistance. Watt: Oat “Watt” from James Watt, the Scottish inventor of the unit of electrical power. Diode: Điốt Is the semiconductive rectifier or semiconductive diode. Cathode: Catốt, Âm cực Is the emitter electron in the electron lamp. Antenna: Ăng ten A path telecasting or receiving radio waves I ( Current): Cường độ dòng điện The flow of electricity through a wire. R (Resitance): Điện trở The opposition of a piece of equipment. V (Volt): Vôn A unit for measuring the force of an electrical current W(Watt) O át A unit for measuring electrical power Eg (Generated voltage): Điện áp phát The value of this voltage depends on the value of the rotor excitation current and it represents the voltage which would be induced in the stator windings wree it not for the effect of armature reaction. This voltage would appear at the generator terminals if the load was lost. 31
41. Xs (Synchronous reactance) Trở kháng đồng bộ Xl (Inductive reactance) Điện cảm ứng Ac (Alternating current) Dòng điện xoay chiều Dc (Direct current) Dòng điện một chiều Et (Terminal voltage) Điện áp phát M (Magnetic) Nam châm E (Voltage actually induced) Điện áp cảm ứng 2. Compound terms 2.1 Nominal groups 2.1.1 Terms consist of : Past participle +noun Generated voltage : Điện áp phát Laminated core: Lõi thép lá Coiled coil: Cuộn dây dạng ốc kép Receive signal: Tín hiệu thu được Blown fuse: Cầu chì ngắt Modulated wave: Sóng được điều biến Sealed relay: Rơle kẹp chì Sealed transformer: Máy biến áp bọc kín 2.1.2 Terms consist of : present participle +thing Damping coil: Cuộn dây làm nhụt Rotating field: Từ trường quay Permanent field at a position but the direction around a position in shaft system. Winding resistance: Điện trở cuộn dây Modulating signal: Tín hiệu điều biến Leading power : Công suất vượt trước 32
42. Rotating amplier: Máy khuyếch đại quay A kind of D.c generator in which electrolumine output can be controlled quickly and electrical signal input the field. Winding cable: Cáp rút Winding ends: Đầu cuộn dây Winding factor: Hệ số dây quấn Lagging power: Tải điện kháng 2.1.3 Terms consist of : noun+ gerund Generator slipring: Vành góp máy phát Stator winding: Cuộn dây stato Rotor cooling: Rôto làm lạnh Screwing die: Bàn cắt ren Power winding: Cuộn công suất Electrical arcing: Phóng điện Field winding: Cuộn dây kích thích 2.1.4 Terms consist of : (noun)+quantifier+noun 12-wire cable: Cáp 12 sợi 4 PST relays : Rơ le 4PST 4PDT contacts: Công tắc 4 PDT 2.1.5 Terms consist of : Noun+ PII+thing Heat-absorbing surface: Bề mặt hấp thụ nhiệt Heat-regulating system: Hệ thống điều hoà cách nhiệt Current-limiting circuit breaker: Bộ ngắt mạch hạn chế dòng Current- limiting reactor:Bộ điện kháng nối tiếp Temperature- compensating capacitor: Tụ bù nhiệt Temperature-indicating paint: Sơn chỉ thị nhiệt độ 33
43. Heat-insulated vessel: Bình cách nhiệt 2.1.6 Terms consist of :thing+qualifier Effect of light: Hiệu ứng ánh sáng Line of sight: Đường truyền thẳng Transmission of energy: Truyền tải năng lượng Transmission of sound: Truyền dẫn âm thanh Effect of exchange interaction: Hiệu ứng tương tác trao đổi 2.1.7. Terms consist of : preposition + thing Of travelling wave: Tốc độ sóng chạy Off period: Chu kỳ ngắt Off transitor: Transitor ngắt 2.2 Noun phrases 2.2.1 Terms consist of : noun+noun Pilot exciter: Máy kích từ Rotor conduction: Cuộn dây rôto Voltage transformer: Máy biến điện áp Stator armature: Phần ứng stato Saddle key: Then ma sát Screen generator: Bộ sinh màn hình Screen grid: Lưới chắn The secondary grid in the electronic lamp among the controlled grid and positive decreases chatter continuously. Rotor shaft: Trục rôto Excitation current: Dòng điện kích thích Screw cap: Đui xoáy Stator conduction: Cuộn dây stato 34
44. 2.2.2 Terms consist of : Adj +Adj Pure inductive: Thuần cảm Resistive-inductive:Trở cảm Resistive –capacitive: Trở dung Pure capacitive: Thuần dung 2.2.3 Terms consist of : Adj+noun Magnetic field: Từ trường Synchronous reactance: Trở kháng đồng bộ Electrical grid: Lưới điện Protective switch: Cầu dao bảo vệ Protective circuit:Mạch bảo vệ Primary coil: Cuộn sơ cấp Secondary coil: Cuộn thứ cấp 2.2.4 Terms consist of : Acronyms+noun D.c current transformer : Máy biến dòng một chiều D/E curve: Đường cong D/E A.c potentionmeter: Điện kế thế AC B- battery: Bộ pin B C-class insulator: Cách điện cấp C 2.2.5 Acronyms AVR ( Automatic voltage regular): Hệ thống tự động điều chỉnh điện áp AER ( Automatic excitation regualar): Hệ thống điều chỉnh kích thích tự động PIB (Phase Isolated Bus): Thanh cái cách điện pha MVA ( Mega volt-ampere): Công suất kiểu biến EMF (Electromotive force): Sức điện động 35
45. DC (Direct current): Dòng điện một chiều PA (Pulse amplifier): Bộ khuyếch đại xung An instrument that measures the altitude of an aircraft, in which radar signal are transmitted in the short pulse,and the time delay between the leading edge of the pulse and the pulse returned from the ground is measured to calculate altitude. UHF (Ultra- high frequency): Tần số siêu cao The frequency between waves from 300 to 3000 mega preriodic. VHF( Very High Frequency): Tần số rất cao 36
46. PART III: CONCLUSION Nowadays, English is used commonly alomost fileds of life such as: economy, science, politics, medical, education therefore, terms of English for specific purpose plays a crucial role. To understand clearly and exactly is not easy else. English in technical field has played important role because any field almost uses equipments and assembly line. The instruction about technique, lists, technical reports is written by English. That is the reason for the conduction of this graduation paper with 3 parts: The rationale, research restriction & application, method and design are mentioned in part one with the research restriction & application that the readers could have an overview of may research. Part two includes three chapters. Based on the theoretical background of translation in chapter I, chapter II Some strategies in translating technical terminology; including definition of terminology, characteristics of technical terms, some strategies in translating technical terminology. The translation of techniacl terms in the chapter 3. Part three summarizes main ideas mentioned in previous parts and gives some suggestions for further research. From this research, it can be concluded that English technical terms is quite difficult and very large thesis to study. Some suggestions drawn from this research for further research: study English in technical terms. In conclusion, I would like to contribute to the study of English- Vietnamese translation in universities and on the media this thesis. In my opinion, it can be considered a companion of all people who are seeking to 37
47. improve their English-Vietnamese translation. Hopefully, the readers of this thesis can find it usefulness in their future work and study or at least see it as a reference worth looking at. At last, after a process of seriously working, I completed the topic which I have embraced for a long time. It will be so soon to mention to the success of this topic but I have actually tried my best, which I feel satisfactory. Surely, mistakes and shortcomings in this graduation paper are unavoidable due to my limitation of time and knowledge. Therefore, I’m always willing to receive the contributions, advices and sympathies from teachers and readers to make my graduation paper much better. Once again, I would like to send my sincere thanks to all who always stand beside me on the way to the bright future. 38
48. REFERENCE Dudly-Evans, Tony (1998) Development in English for specific purposes: A multi-disciplinary approach, Cambridge University press Hutchison, Tom and Waters, Alan (1987), English for specific purpose: A leaner-centered approach, Cambridge University press Roger T. Bell (1991), translation and translating: Theory and practice, New York: Longman Inc Baker (1992) in other words: a course book on translation, London and New York; Routlege Bright (1992), international encyclopedia of linguistics, volume 1, New York and Oxford: Oxford University press Do Huu Chau (1998), co so ngu nghia hoc tu vung, NXB Giao Duc Advanced Oxford dictionary (defition of translation) Technical document of electrical power university (advanced centre for training) Link from internet: ( 39
49. GLOSSARY No English Vietnamese 1 1/f noise Tiếng ồn 1/f 2 4W/2W terminating set Đầu cuối 4 dây, 2 dây 3 6 KV (distribution) Buồng 6KV 4 A 15 phase Cách pha A15 5 AC Dòng điện xoay chiều 6 Anti-creep Chống tự quay 7 Ampere Ampe 8 Armature Phần ứng 9 Armature reaction Phản ứng phần ứng 10 Alternator stator Cuộn stato thay thế 11 Boss Bulông, ốc vít 12 Bias circuit Mạch định thiên 13 Brushless excitation Hệ thống kích từ không chổi than 14 Bipolar Mạch lưỡng cực 15 CT Biến dòng 16 Cathode Catốt 17 Capacitive load Tải cảm từ 18 Circuit delay Độ trễ mạch 19 Circuit closer Bộ đóng mạch 20 Cam Bánh lệch tâm 40
50. 21 Ceiling voltage Điện áp tối đa 22 Diopter Số điốp 23 Diode voltage Điện áp điốt 24 Diode –connected transitor Transitor mắc như điốp 25 Eg Điện áp phát 26 Electrical grid Lưới điện 27 Earth line Dây chống thép 28 Earth potential Điện thế đất 29 Extra-current Dòng điện dư 30 EHV (Extra High Voltage) Điện áp cực cao 31 Excitation Kích từ 32 Electromagnet Nam châm điện 33 Grid Mạng lưới 34 Generator Máy phát điện 35 IR Giảm áp do điện trở 36 IXl Giảm áp do trở kháng 37 IXa Giảm áp đại diện 38 Inductive load Điện tích cảm ứng 39 Intra-atomic Nội nguyên tử 40 Insulation Vật cách điện 41 Jacking oil Dầu thuỷ lực 42 Magnetic wheel Bánh đà từ 43 Magnet wire Dây điện từ 41
51. 44 Magnetic activity Sự hoạt động từ tính 45 Magnetic amplifier relay Rơle khuyếch đại từ 46 Magnet coil Cuộn dây lõi sắt/ cuộn hút 47 Magnetic Nam châm 48 Main exciter Kích từ chính 49 Magnet Từ tính 50 Loop Mạch kín 51 Over-voltage Điện thế quá mức 52 Output Công suất 53 Polyatomic Đa nguyên tử 54 PF (pulverising) Máy nghiền 55 Pivot point Ngõng trục 56 Pinion Bánh khế 57 Pressure Áp suất 58 Pole Cực 58 Resistive circuit Mạch điện trở 59 Relay base Đế rơle 60 Roll Bánh đà 61 RMS (Root mean Square) Giá tri hiệu dụng 62 Relay amplifier Bộ khuyếch đại rơle 63 Rotor current Dòng điện rôto 64 Relay armature Phần ứng rơle 65 Rotor field Từ trường quay 42
52. 66 Radiation Bức xạ 67 Scruber Máy lọc khí 68 Single circuit Mạch đơn 69 Single phase supply Nguồn cấp một pha 70 Shoe Chân đế 71 Slipring Vành trư ợt 72 Synchronous reactance Trở kháng đồng bộ 73 Screwed fuse Cầu chảy xoáy 74 Synchronous generator Bộ phát xenxin 75 Sandwich Bánh kẹp 76 Sre w b ase Đế xoáy 77 Tension Áp lực 78 Voltage Điện áp 79 Voltage drop Giảm áp 80 Voltage fluctuation Thăng giáng điện áp 81 Voltage fall Giảm áp 82 Voltage impusle Xung áp 83 Worm wheel Điện áp phát 84 Winding Dòng điện xoay chiều 85 Xl Điện cảm ứng 86 Xs Trở kháng đồng bộ 43