Khóa luận A study on translation of english-Related terms in finance and banking into Vietnamese

Nội dung text: Khóa luận A study on translation of english-Related terms in finance and banking into Vietnamese

1. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHềNG ISO 9001 : 2008 KHểA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH: NGOẠI NGỮ HẢI PHềNG - 2010
2. HAIPHONG PRIVATE UNIVESITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH - RELATED TERMS IN FINANCE AND BANKING INTO VIETNAMESE By: BUI THI THOM Class: NA 1004 Supervisor: DAO THI LAN HUONG, M.A HAI PHONG - 2010 2
3. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHềNG Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinh viờn: Mó Số: Lớp: Ngành: Tờn đề tài: 3
4. Nhiệm vụ đề tài 1. Nội dung và cỏc yờu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp ( về lý luận, thực tiễn, cỏc số liệu cần tớnh toỏn và cỏc bản vẽ). 2. Cỏc số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tớnh toỏn. 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp. 4
5. CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất: Họ và tờn: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan cụng tỏc: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Người hướng dẫn thứ hai: Họ và tờn: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan cụng tỏc: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày 12 thỏng 04 năm 2010 Yờu cầu phải hoàn thành xong trước ngày 10 thỏng 07 năm 2010 Đó nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Đó giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Sinh viờn Người hướng dẫn Hải Phũng, ngày thỏng năm 2010 HIỆU TRƯỞNG GS.TS.NGƯT Trần Hữu Nghị 5
6. PHẦN NHẬN XẫT TểM TẮT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 1. Tinh thần thỏi độ của sinh viờn trong quỏ trỡnh làm đề tài tốt nghiệp: 2. Đỏnh giỏ chất lượng của khúa luận (so với nội dung yờu cầu đó đề ra trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trờn cỏc mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tớnh toỏn số liệu ): 3. Cho điểm của cỏn bộ hướng dẫn (ghi bằng cả số và chữ): Hải Phũng, ngày thỏng năm 2010 Cỏn bộ hướng dẫn (họ tờn và chữ ký) 6
7. NHẬN XẫT ĐÁNH GIÁ CỦA NGƯỜI CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP 1. Đỏnh giỏ chất lượng đề tài tốt nghiệp về cỏc mặt thu thập và phõn tớch tài liệu, số liệu ban đầu, giỏ trị lớ luận và thực tiễn của đề tài. 2. Cho điểm của người chấm phản biện : (Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ) Ngày thỏng năm 2010 Người chấm phản biện 7
8. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 10 PART I : INTRODUCTION 11 1. Reason of the study. 11 2. Aims of the study 11 3. Scope of the study 12 4. Research method 12 5. Design of the study. 12 PART II: DEVELOPMENT 14 CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 14 1. TRANSLATION THEORY. 14 1.1. What is translation? 14 1.2. Methods of translation 15 1.3. Equivalence in translation 15 2. TRANSLATION OF FINACE AND BANKING TERMS 17 2.1. ESP in translation 17 2.1.1. Definition of ESP 17 2.1.2. Types of ESP 18 2.1.3. English for Business Purposes/ Business English 20 2.1.3.1. What is English for Business Purposes? 20 2.1.3.2. Business and General English course 21 2.2. Translation in the case of finance and banking. 21 CHAPTER II: A STUDY ON TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH RELATED - TERMS IN FINANCE AND BANKING INTO VIETNAMESE. 22 1. TYPICAL TERMS RELATING TO MONEY-ACCOUNT 22 1.1. Forms of money 22 1.2. The money supply 27 1.3. Word-partnerships – Capital 29 1.4. Word-partnership – account. 31 8
9. 2. TYPICAL TERMS RELATING TO FINANCE 33 2.1. Financial statement 33 2.2. Financial instruments. 36 2.3. Financial ratios. 37 2.4. Rise and fall 38 3. TYPICAL TERMS REALATING TO BANK-BANKING 44 3.1. Types of bank 44 3.2. Word-partnerships – bank 46 3.3. Banking productions. 47 3.4. Banking services. 50 4. THE OTHERS 51 4.1. Types of assets. 51 4.2. Borrowing and lending. 54 5. SOME ABBREVIATIONS 55 CHAPTER III: IMPLICATION 59 1. Difficulties and challenges in translation of finance and banking terms 59 2. Some tips for a better translation. 60 3. Some exercises and suggested answers 61 3.1. Exercises. 61 3.2. Suggested answers. 67 PART III : CONCLUSION 69 1. Issues addressed in the study 69 2. Suggestions for further study 69 APPENDIXES 1. British and American Terms 61 2. Currencies of the world 63 REFERENCES 84 9
10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT During the time of completing this graduation paper, I have received a lot of help, assistance, guidance encouragement and contributed idea from my teachers, family and friends. I wish first of all, to express my deepest gratitude and indebtedness to my supervisor – Ms Dao Thi Lan Huong, M.A- who has always been most willing and ready to give me valuable advice, inspiration and supervision to finish this study. My sincere thanks are also sent to the teachers in the English Department of Hai Phong Private University for their useful lessons and whole-hearted advices during four years studying here. Last but not least, I would like to give my heartfelt thanks to my family and my close friends, to whom I have never got enough words to express my great gratitude for their encouragement and support. Hai Phong, June 2010 Student Bui Thi Thom 10
11. PART I : INTRODUCTION 1. Reason of the study. Nowadays, finance and banking plays an important role in the world‟s economy. Together with the “open-door” policy to all countries, system of banks in Vietnam has covered nationwide. Also, we can not deny useful benefits which banks bring to country‟s economy and each citizen. Therefore, learning and researching ESP (specially finance and banking) should be attached much importance to meet the request of general tendency in the integration time. In many universities in Vietnam, recently, finance and banking have become as a new subject to students. There will be a number of Vietnamese learners who get trouble in translating finance and banking terms. I myself often become confused with finance and banking terms whenever I deal with them. Hence, it is necessary for me to acquire certain accumulation of linguistics in both native language and foreign language to have more comprehension in this field. Moreover, I am also interested in translation skill, especially in the translation of finance and banking terms. That is the main reason which inspires me to carry out this research. More importantly, studying this theme offers me a chance to have thorough understanding of business translation. 2. Aims of the study. The study on translation of finance and banking terms aims to figure out an overview on translation strategies and procedures commonly employed in translation of finance and banking terms. In details, the graduation paper aims at:  Preliminary analyzing translation strategies and procedures employed in translation of their English terms into Vietnamese.  Collecting and presenting basic terms in finance and banking.  Providing their Vietnamese equivalents or expressions. 11
12.  Providing majors in finance and banking Department in particular and the others who may concern finance and banking terms and their corresponding Vietnamese. The researcher hopes that this study can provide readers with overall comprehension about the information from written text relating to finance and banking terms to help them translate it effectively. 3. Scope of the study Finance and banking terminology is really various in different fields such as accounting and finance, international finance Due to the limitation of timeframe and knowledge, in this graduation paper, the author can only introduce the English – Vietnamese terms of several outstanding branches. The research can be valuable for teachers and students of Foreign Language Department in general and Finance and Banking one at HPU in particular. 4. Research method This graduation paper is carried out with a view to help learners enlarge their vocabulary and have general understanding about translation and English-Vietnamese translation of finance and banking terms. Firstly, the author collected and grouped terms, then gave explanation in Vietnamese and English. Images for illustration are also used to clarify them. The researcher hopes that this study can provide readers with series of useful terms and then readers can study individually. 5. Design of the study. This study is divided into three main parts. They are: Part I is INTRODUCTION, consisting reasons, aims, scope, methods and design of the study. Part II is the main part of this paper entitled DEVELOPMENT, containing three chapters: Chapter I is theoretical background with definitions, types of translation and ESP translation. 12
13. Chapter II is the study on the translation of English related – terms in finance and banking into Vietnamese. Chapter III is application and exercises. Part III is CONCLUSION of the study. 13
14. PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1. TRANSLATION THEORY. 1.1. What is translation? Translation originated from the dawn of the earth when people global send out the first signals to communicate. It traditionally considered as an “art” but recently has been assessed from a more technical point of view. The question “what is translation?” has attracted many linguistic researcher and translation theorist. Catford (1965, p.20) defines translation as “the replacement of text material of this language (source language) with text material of another (target language)”. According to Oxford Student‟s dictionary of English, “Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language” (2001, p.674). Bell (1991) believes that “translating is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent text in the content of the message and the formal features and the roles of the original text”. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a “translation“, that communicate the same message in other language. The text to be translated is called the “source text” and the language that is to be translated in to is called the” target language” the final product is sometime called the “target text”. What is translation. (1988, august 5). Retrieved May, 2010, from the World Wilde Web: http:// www.wikipedia.com. The above definitions are noted for the fact that translation is a process of reproducing a text from one language into another, in which different factors such as the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, stylistic, cultural, 14
15. contextual, etc., are taken into consideration so that the most appropriate equivalence can be achieved. 1.2. Methods of translation The central problem of translating is whether translate literally or freely. Some prefer to render the spirit, not the letter; the sense, not the words, the message rather than the form, the matter not the manner. The others say the truth to be read and understood, and what has been written out should be faithful preserved with the respect to the original. Accordingly, there born different methods of translation. Below is V-diagram of translation given by Peter Newmark. SL emphasis TL emphasis Word-for-word translation Adaption Literal translation Free translation Faithful translation Idiomatic translation Semantic translation Communicative translation For further comprehension and comments on these translation methods, please see Newmark (1952). However, a better choice for translators should be the combination of both SL and TL oriented methods because while the former helps to preserve the form of the original text, the latter offers readership a comprehensible translation irrespective of whatever texts to be rendered. 1.3. Equivalence in translation Baker explores the notion of equivalence at difference levels in the relation to the translation process, including all different aspects of translation ,hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She distinguishes: Equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level when translate from one language into another. Baker acknowledges that , in bottom – up approaching to translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be taken into consideration by the translator starts analyzing the ST. She 15
16. looks at the word singular units to find a direct “equivalent” term in the TL. Baker gives a definition of the term word since it should be remembered that a single word can sometimes be assigned different meanings in different languages and might be regard as being a more complex units or morpheme. This means that the translator should pay attention to a number of factors when considering a single word, such as number, gender and tense. Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. She note that grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in term of finding a direct correspondence in the TL. In fact, she claim that different grammatical structures in the SL and TL may cause remarkable change in the way of information or message is carried across. This changes may induce the translator either add or omit information in the TL because of the lack of particular grammatical devices in the TL itself. Among these grammatical devices which cause problems in translation, baker focus on number, tense , aspects, voice , person ad gender. Textual equivalence, when referring the equivalence between SL text and TL text in term of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the SL which can help the translator in his or her attempt to product a cohesive and coherent text for the target culture audience in the special context. It is up to the translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of SL text. His or her decision will be guided by tree main factors, that is, the target audience, the purpose of translation and the text type. Pragmatic equivalence, when referring to the implications and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implication is not about the explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meaning in translation in order to get SL message across. The role of the translator is to create the author„s intention in another culture 16
17. in such a way that enable the TC reader to understand it clearly. 2. TRANSLATION OF FINACE AND BANKING TERMS 2.1. ESP in translation 2.1.1. Definition of ESP Strevens (1988, p.1) says “ESP is a particular case of the general category of special purpose language teaching”. Defining ESP is a very difficult task and gains a lot of attention of many researchers. That is because different researchers have given different emphases to the variety of elements that characterize ESP. According to Strevens (1988, pp.1-2), a definition of ESP needs to distinguish between four absolute and two variable characteristics: *Absolute characteristics of ESP: ESP consists of English language teaching which is:  designed to meet specific needs of learners  related in content (i.e., in its themes and topics) to particular disciplines, occupations and activities.  centred on the language appropriate to those activities, in syntax, lexis, discourse, semantics, etc.  in contrast with GE * Variable characteristics of ESP: ESP maybe, but is not necessarily:  restricted as to the language skills to be learnt (e.g.: reading only, speech recognition only, etc.)  taught according to any pre-ordained methodology (i.e., ESP is not restricted to any particular methodology – although communicative methodology is very often felt to be the most appropriate). To clarify the meaning of ESP, Dudley-Evans (1998, p.4) gave an extended definition on terms of “absolute” and “variable” characteristics. *Absolute characteristics:  ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners 17
18.  ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it servers  ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skill, discourse and gender * Variable characteristics:  ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines  ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of general English.  ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. It could, however, before learners at secondary school level  ESP is generally is designed for intermediate or advance students  Most ESP courses assume some basic language of basic systems Thus, ESP can be seen from different angles and ESP course is purposeful and is aimed at the successful performance of occupational or educational roles. As Strevens (1988, p.4) says “Tell us what you need to learn and for what purpose. We will then design a course which teaches you precisely that: no more or no less. And we will do so by means of highly effective teaching methods”. 2.1.2. Types of ESP There are many types of ESP. According to Hutchinsons & Waters (1987, p.18) “ESP is just one branch of EFL (English as a Foreign Language)/ ESP, which are the main branches of English language teaching in general”. According to the tree of EFL (English Language Teaching) given by them (Hutchinsons & Waters), there are two main types of ESP:EAP (English for Academic Purpose and EOP/EVP/VESL (English for Occupational Purposes/ English for Vocational Purposes/ Vocational English as a Second Language). Robinson (1991)presents two versions of the “ESP family tree”. The first version divides ESP into two branches: EOP involving work-related needs and training and EEP (English for Economics Purposes)/ EAP involving 18
19. academic study needs (figure 1). Pre-experience EOPP Simultaneous/ in- service Post-experience ESP Pre-study P For study in a In- study specific discipline Post-study EEP EAPP Independent As a school subject Integrated Figure 1: the ESP “family tree” (Robinson, 1991) Another typical tree diagram for ESP which divides EAP and EOP according to discipline or professional area is presented by Dudley-Evans (1998,p.6). 19
20. English for Specific Purposes English for Academic Purposes English for Occupational Purposes English for (Academic) English for English for Science and Technology Professional Vocational Purposes Purposes English for (Academic) Medical Purposes English for Pre- Medical vocational Purposes Purposes English for (Academic) Legal Purposes English for Vocational Business Purposes English for (Academic) Purposes Management, Finance and Economics Figure 2: ESP classification by professional area (Evans & John, 1998) However, it is difficult to make a clear distinction between these two types because, in Vietnam, English is taught only as a foreign language at every university but after graduating learners may use the language as an instrument for achieving multi-purpose activities in their workplace. This study focuses on ESP in finance and banking so the author is interested in English for academic purposes majored in English for (Academic) Management, Finance and Economics as shown in figure 2. 2.1.3. English for Business Purposes/ Business English 2.1.3.1. What is English for Business Purposes? It is difficult to define EBE in linguistic terms because it shares the common elements to all fields of works in ESP such as needs analysis, material selection and development. However, EBE differs from other varieties of ESP in that “it is often a mix of specific content (relating to a particular job area or industry), and general content (relating to general ability 20
21. to communicate more effectively)”, (Ellis & Johnsons, 1994, p.3). 2.1.3.2. Business and General English course EBE must be seen in the overall content of ESP so it shares the important points of ESP. According to Ellis & Johnsons (1994) “Specialist vocabulary was seen to be what distinguished EBE from EGE”. Students in colleges or universities will have gained their knowledge of business largely from books. These books present target specialist vocabulary in the context of a written text of dialogue which dealt with a particular topic. To distinguish EBE from EGE, Ellis & Johnsons (1994, pp.10-13) express a table about the key differences between EBE and EGE in terms of needs analysis, assessment of level, syllabus, course objectives, time, learner expectation, materials, methodology and evaluation of progress. From this table, more or less, the distinction between EBE and EGE is clearly specified. 2.2. Translation in the case of finance and banking. Translation of ESP plays an extreme important role, it hands position of key to open new knowledge and the way to victory. Moreover, people often say that vocabularies are as bricks to build a house. So in this paper, the author mainly mentions vocabulary in the case of finance and banking, which is the prominent part to study deeper professional documents. The researcher gives the explanation in English, sometimes gives illustrations to clarify it. 21
22. CHAPTER II: A STUDY ON TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH RELATED - TERMS IN FINANCE AND BANKING INTO VIETNAMESE. 1. TYPICAL TERMS RELATING TO MONEY-ACCOUNT “If you can actually count your MONEY, then you are not really a rich man.” JOHN PAUL GETTY 1.1. Forms of money Firstly, it is necessary to understand what money is. According to Ian MacKenzie, who is the author of Financial English with Mini-dictionary of finance book, “Money is means of payment, especially coins and banknotes, although some definitions also include bank deposits, cheques, etc.” (1996, p.133). According to the definition above, money is divided into several following types:  Cash : (in Vietnamese : tiền mặt) Cash is money in the form of banknotes and coins. 22
23.  Currency: tiền tệ The money used in a particular country Hereafter are examples of currency in 8 countries. No Flag of country Currency Symbol 1 2 3 4 5 23
24. 6 7 8 VND Further explanation of Vietnamese currencies system: Current Vietnamese currencies in circulation. SBV is the sole issuer of currency of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Its monetary unit is dong, abbreviated as VND. Vietnam‟s current monetary system consists of 2 types: banknotes and coins. Banknotes have 12 denominations: 500,000 VND, 200,000 VND, 100,000 VND, 50,000 VND, 20,000 VND, 10,000 VND, 5,000 VND, 2,000 VND, 1,000 VND, 500 VND, 200 VND and 100 VND. Coins have 5 denominations: 5,000 VND, 2,000 VND, 1,000 VND, 500 VND and 200 VND. 1. Banknotes The State Bank of Vietnam applies modern science and technology in producing banknotes in order to enhance quality of printing as well as security features of Vietnamese banknotes. Therefore, in some periods, two kinds of 24
25. notes having the same denomination but different designs have been circulated together. On 17 Dec, 2003 the SBV issued 2 additional kinds of notes: 500,000 VND and 50,000 VND, printed in polymer. On 1st Sep, 2004 the SBV issued 100,000 VND note, printed in polymer. On 17 May, 2006, the SBV continued to issue 20,000 VND polymer note. On 30 Aug, 2006, the SBV issued 2 kinds of notes: 200,000 VND and 10,000 VND printed in polymer. Therefore, currently, the denominations of 100,00 VND; 50,000VND; 20,000 VND and 10,000 VND are having two designs being printed in polymer and cotton and circulated in parallel. Banknote 500,000 VND issued on 17 December, 2003. Banknote 200,000 VND issued on 30 August, 2006 Banknote 100,000 VND (old-style note printed in cotton) issued on 01 September, 2000 Banknote 100,000 VND (new-style note printed in polymer) issued on 01 September, 2004 Banknote 50,000 VND (old-style note printed in cotton) issued on 15 October, 1994 Banknote 50,000 VND (new-style note printed in polymer) issued on 17 December, 2003 Banknote 20,000 VND (old-style note printed in cotton) issued on 02 March, 1993 Banknote 20,000 VND (new-style note printed in polymer) issued on 17 May, 2006 Banknote 10,000 VND (old-style note printed in cotton) issued on 15 October, 1994 Banknote 10,000 VND(new-style note printed in polymer) issued on 30 August, 2006 Banknote 5,000 VND issued on 15 January, 1993 Banknote 2,000 VND issued on 20 October, 1989 25
26. Banknote 1,000 VND issued on 20 October, 1989 Banknote 500 VND issued on 15 August, 1989 Banknote 200 VND issued on 30 September, 1987 Banknote 100 VND issued on 02 May, 1992 2. Coins On 17 December, 2003, the SBV issued coins with 3 denominations: 5,000 VND, 1,000 VND and 200 VND. On 01 April, 2004 SBV issued coins with 2 denominations: 2,000 VND and 500 VND. Reissuing coins not only marked Vietnam currencies‟ stability of value, but also improved Vietnam currency system, marking it to international practices and reducing costs of issuing currencies with small denominations. Coin 5,000 VND issued on 17 December, 2003 Coin 2,000 VND issued on 01 April, 2004 Coin 1,000 VND issued on 17 December, 2003 Coin 500 VND issued on 1 April, 2004 Coin 200 VND issued on 17 December, 2003  Loan : tiền cho vay Something lent (usually money) that will have to be given or paid back (usually with interest)  Debt : nợ Money owed to someone (for a business this might include bank loans, debentures, bonds, bills for goods or services, etc.)  Income : (in Vietnamese: thu nhập). Sometimes called revenue or earnings. All the money received by a person or company during a given period (wages, salaries, business profits, dividends, etc.)  Wage : tiền cụng Money earned for an hour‟s or day‟s or week‟s work ( by shop or factory workers, etc).  Salary : tiền lương (hàng thỏng) 26
27. A fixed regular payment made by employers, usually monthly, for professional or office work.  Deposit : tiền đặt cọc A sum of money that you pay when you rent something and get back when you return it without damage.  Pension : tiền trợ cấp A regular sum of money paid to a retired worker in return for past survices or contributions.  Fund : nguồn tiền dự trữ To provide money for a specific purpose, an amount of money saved for a specific purpose.  Capital : vốn The money invested in a business and used to buy assets.  Fee : tiền thự lao or lệ phớ Money paid to accountants, lawyers, architects, private school, etc.  Instalment (also installment) : phần trả theo đợt Regular part payments of debts, etc.  Rebate : tiền miễn giảm Part of payment that is given back (e.g. from taxes)  Budget : ngõn quỹ A financial operating plan showing expected income and expenditure.  Stake (also holding): tiền gúp vốn The amount of a person‟s (or organization‟s) financial investment in a business.  Subsidy: tiền khuyến khớch/ trợ cấp. Money given to producers who are unable to produce at market price, or who provide services that are socially necessary but unprofitable.  Aid : tiền viện trợ Money given to developing countries by richer ones. 1.2. The money supply 27
28. According to Ian MacKenzie, “Money supply [in Vietnamese : phỏt hành tiền tệ] is the money stock multiplied by its velocity (the number of times it is spent in a given period)” (1996, p.133).  Bond: trỏi phiếu. An interest bearing security, redeemed after a fixed period.  Monetary: tiền tệ. Relating to money and currency.  Price: giỏ cả. The cost of a good or service to the consumer.  Velocity: tốc độ lưu thụng The speed at which something moves in a particular direction.  Tight money (or dear money): tiền khú vay/ tiền tệ hạn hẹp. It is expensive money, when interest rates are high and loans are hard to obtain.  Credit: - kỡ hạn hoón thanh toỏn. - tiền gửi ngõn hàng. - bờn cú (của tài khoản) - ghi cú - cho vay An arrangement to receive goods or services but pay later; an amount of money paid into a bank account; an amount entered on the right-hand side of an account; recording a payment received; to make such an entry.  Aggregate demand: tổng nhu cầu. The total amount spent in a country by consumers, company and the government.  Inflation: lạm phỏt. A rise in the general level of prices, and a increase in the money supply.  Interest rate: lói suất. The cost of borrowing money, expressed as a percentage of the loan per period of time. 28
29.  Unemployment: tỡnh trạng thất nghiệp. The situation in which there are not enough jobs available for the people looking for them.  Output: hiệu suất. The total value of goods produced or services performed (by a person, a company, a industry, or a whole country).  The exchange rate: tỉ giỏ hối đoỏi The price at which one currency can be exchanged for another one. Here is an example of the table of exchange rate dated May 15, 2010 on the website: Exchange Name of exchange Cash purchase Transfer Sell out code AUD AUST.DOLLAR 16,779.57 16,880.86 17,138.63 CAD CANADIAN DOLLAR 18,327.75 18,494.20 18,739.09 CHF SWISS FRANCE 16,767.69 16,885.89 17,143.74 DKK DANISH KRONE - 3,172.99 3,234.35 EUR EURO 23,596.94 23,667.94 23,981.34 GBP BRITISH POUND 27,393.66 27,586.77 27,952.06 HKD HONGKONG DOLLAR 2,411.11 2,428.11 2,460.26 INR INDIAN RUPEE - 414.65 432.93 JPY JAPANESE YEN 200.76 202.79 206.71 KRW SOUTH KOREAN WON - 15.20 18.63 KWD KUWAITI DINAR - 64,968.83 66,490.75 MYR MALAYSIAN RINGGIT - 5,894.65 6,008.64 NOK NORWEGIAN KRONER - 3,044.39 3,103.27 RUB RUSSIAN RUBLE - 574.40 704.26 SEK SWEDISH KRONA - 2,470.01 2,517.78 SGD SINGAPORE DOLLAR 13,555.30 13,650.86 13,831.62 THB THAI BAHT 575.15 575.15 600.52 USD US DOLLAR 18,990.00 18,990.00 19,050.00 1.3. Word-partnerships – Capital According to Ian MacKenzie, “Capital (in Vietnamese: vốn) is the money invested in a business and used to buy assets” (1996, p.118).  Capital assets (also fixed assets/ permanent assets): tài sản cố định Items such as land, buildings, machines, etc. belonging to a business, 29
30. which are experted to last for a long time, and can not be sold or turned into cash, as they are used for making and selling the firm‟s products.  Capital formation (accumulation): sự hỡnh thành vốn. Spending money to increase the supply of capital goods rather than consumers goods.  Capital goods ( sometimes investment goods): sản phẩm cơ bản. Goods that are used to make further goods, the goods that make up the industrial marker (machines, tools, factories, etc.)  Capital intensive: nặng vốn/ dung lượng vốn lớn. Requiring a large amount of capital investment per employee.  Capital market: thị trường tài chớnh/ vốn. The banks and financial institutions from which companies and government can raise long-term finance.  Capital ratio: tỉ suất vốn. It is between a bank‟s capital and reserves on the one hand, and its total assets (loans) on the other.  Capital sum: tổng tiền vốn A lump sum of money paid by an insurance company (after an accident, on retirement, etc.)  Capital transfer tax (also inheritance tax): thuế chuyển giao vốn. A tax on gifts and inheritances.  Capital turnover ratio: tỉ suất chu chuyển tư bản. The ratio of annual sales to issued share-capital.  Capital gains tax: thuế danh lợi. A tax on profits from the sale of assets.  Uncalled capital: vốn khụng phải thu hồi That part of a company‟s issued capital that has not yet been paid for by shareholders.  Unissued capital: vốn chưa phỏt hành. That part of a company‟s authorized share capital that has not yet been 30
31. offered for sale.  Venture capital (also risk capital): vốn rủi ro. Money invested in a new business and thus open to a rather large risk of loss.  Working capital ( or funds): vốn lưu động The stock of money (cash and liquid resources required by a business to continue producing or trading). Profitability is determined in part by the way in which a company manages its working capital. Basically there will be a drop in profits if working capital is raised without a corresponding rise in production. So one of the principal functions of financial management is to provide the correct amount of working capital at the right time and in the right place to realize the greatest return on investment. Working capital can initially be broken down into two types: permanent and temporary. Permanent working capital is tied up in keeping the business flowing throughout the year, while temporary working capital is needed from time to time to take account of seasonal, cyclical or unexpected fluctuations in the business. The latter type is usually serviced from an overdraft facility  Human capital: vốn nhõn lực. Another name for labour (especially, the skills and abilities of trained or educated workers)  Issued share capital: vốn đó phỏt hành. The amount of capital that a company has sold at any particular time 1.4. Word-partnership – account. Ian MacKenzie defines “Account (in Vietnamese: tài khoản (TK)) is a statement of money paid or owed; an arrangement with a firm that allows credit for payments” (1996, p.114).  Account payable ( or creditors): khoản phải trả. On the balance sheet, money on business owes to supplies for purchase made on credit. 31
32.  Account day ( sometimes called settlement day): ngày thanh toỏn. The day on which all deals made during the previous 14-day account or accounting period on the London stock exchange must be settled.  Bank account: tài khoản ngõn hàng An arrangement with a bank to deposit and withdraw money, settle bills, etc.  Current account ( or checking account): tài khoản vóng lai/ tài khoản kớ phỏt Sec Bank account which pays no or little interest, but allows the holder to withdraw his or her cash with no restriction.  Numbered account: tài khoản số Secret bank account (largely in Switzerland)  Profit and loss account (in Britain): bỏo cỏo doanh thu. Financial statement which shows the profit or loss made by a company during the accounting period.  Accounting equation: phương trỡnh kế toỏn. The fundamental identity of the balance sheet: Assets = Liability + Owner‟s Equity  Accounting principles: cỏc nguyờn tắc kế toỏn. A dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed in accounting.  Accounting period assumption ( time-period principle): nguyờn tắc kỡ kế toỏn. Financial data must be reported for particular (short) period.  Accounting standards: chuẩn mực kế toỏn. A country‟s extra rules concerning valuation, measurement and disclosure.  Cost accounting: hạch toỏn giỏ thành. Involving the determination of the unit cost of a particular product made by a company, including materials, labour, overheads, etc. 32
33.  Managerial accounting: kế toỏn quản lớ. The elaboration of financial reports necessary to efficient management (on the cost of products, future plans, etc.)  Tax accounting: kế toỏn thuế vụ. Calculating an individual‟s or a company‟s liabilities for tax. 2. TYPICAL TERMS RELATING TO FINANCE “Pan Am takes good care of you. Marks and Spencer love you, Securicor cares. At Amstrad, we want your money.” ALAN SUGAR( founder of Amstrad) 2.1. Financial statement Also according to Ian MacKenzie, he defines “financial statements (Vietnamese means bỏo cỏo tài chớnh) are the balance sheet, the profit and loss account (or income statement), the funds flow statement” (1996, p.125). The following passage will illustrate specifically a financial statement. Companies required by law to give their shareholders certain financial 33
34. information. Most companies include three financial statements in their annual reports. The profit and loss account shows revenue and expenditure. It gives figures for total sales or turnover (the amount of business done by the company during the year), and for costs and overhead. The first figure should be greater than the second: there should generally be a profit- an excess of income over expenditure. Part of the profit is paid to the government in taxation, part of usually distributed to shareholders as a divided, and part is retained by the company to finance further growth, to repay debts, to allow for future losses, and so on. The balance sheet shows the financial situation of the company on a particular date, generally the last day of its financial year. It lists the company‟s assets, its liabilities, and shareholders‟ funds. A business‟s assets consists of its cash investments and property (buildings, machines, and so on), and debtors- amounts of the money owed by customers for goods or services purchases on credit. Liabilities consist of all the money that a company will have to pay someone else, such as taxes, debts, interest and mortgage payments, as well as money owed to suppliers for purchases made on credit, which are grouped together on the balance sheet as creditors. Negative items on financial statements such as creditors, taxation, and dividends paid are usually printed in brackets thus: (5200). The basic accounting equation, in accordance with the principles of double-entry bookkeeping, is that Assets = Liabilities + Owners‟ (or Shareholders‟) Equity. This can, of course, also be written as Assets - Liabilities = Equity. An alternative term for Shareholders‟ Equity is Net Assets. This includes share capital (money received from the issue of shares), sometimes share premium (money realized by selling shares at above their nominal value), and the company‟s reserves, including the year‟s retained profits. A company‟s market capitalization – the total value of its shares at any given moment, equal to the number of shares times their market price – is 34
35. generally higher than shareholders‟ equity or net assets, because items such as goodwill are not recorded under net assets. A third financial statement has several names: the source and application of funds statement, the sources and uses of funds statement, the funds flow statement, the cash flow statement, the movements of funds statement, or in the USA the statement of changes in financial position. As all these alternative names suggest, this statements shows the flow of cash in and out of the business between balance sheet dates. Sources of funds include trading profits, depreciation provisions, borrowing, the sales of assets and the issuing of shares. Applications of funds include the purchases of fixed or financial assets, the payment of dividends and the repayment of loans, and, in the bad year, trading losses. If a company has a majority interest in other company, the balance sheets and profit and loss accounts of the parent company and the subsidiaries are normally combined in consolidated accounts.  Balance: sự cõn đối. The amount of money (or the size of deficit) in an account at a particular time; an account of money remaining to be paid.  Bookkeeping: kế toỏn. Recording financial data by writing down the details of transaction.  Capitalist: kinh tế tư bản chủ nghĩa. The economic system in which business are owed and run for profit by individuals and not by the state.  Equilibrium: sự cõn bằng. A state of balance, such as when supply meets demand.  Flow of funds: dũng tiền. Cash received and payments made by a company during a special period.  Limited liability: chịu số nợ trong phạm vi vốn cổ phần gúp cho cụng ty. Responsibility for debts up to the value of the company‟s share capital. 35
36.  Overheads: chi phớ quản lớ. The various expense of operating a business that can‟t be charge to any one product, process or department.  Overturn: quay vũng. To turnover so that the top is at the bottom.  Pour: rút, chảy tràn. To flow out of or into something quickly and steadily, and in large quantities.  Reserve: nguồn dự trữ. Money set aside out of profits, rather than distributed to shareholders; a central bank‟s holdings of gold, foreign currencies, and IMF drawing rights.  Turnover: doanh thu A business‟s total sales revenue.  Underground economy: kinh tế ngầm. All employment and transactions on which tax is not paid. 2.2. Financial instruments. Ian MacKenzie (1996) defines that “Financial instruments (means chứng khoỏn tài chớnh in Vietnamese) are all the different ways of raising money, including bonds, shares, warrants, etc” (p.125). Certificates of deposit: chứng chỉ tiền gửi. Short-term, interest-bearing bank deposits that can be traded like a share or bond. Commercial paper: tiền ứng trước cho thương mại Short-term, discounted and unsecured corporate debt of large American banks and companies issued as a way of borrowing money. Currency swap: hoỏn đổi tiền tệ An exchange of one currency for another between two borrowers in different countries. Futures contract: hợp đồng kỡ hạn. An arrangement to buy or sell a commodity or currency or financial 36
37. instrument at an agreed price at a future date. Interest-rate swap: sự hoỏn đổi lói suất giữa cỏc ngõn hàng. An exchange between two countries. e.g. of fixed interest bonds for floating rate bonds, in an attempt to reduce risks or cost. Junk bonds: trỏi phiếu cú tớnh đầu cơ cao. High-yielding bond issued by less secure companies; also used to finance leveraged buy-outs. Participation certificates: chứng chỉ dự phần. Grants its holder part of the ownership (equity of a company, but without voting rights). Securitization: chứng khoỏn húa. The process of selling packages of bank debts to third party investors as bonds. Zero coupon bonds: trỏi khoỏn khụng phiếu lói. Pays no interest, but is sold at a large discount and ultimately redeemed at face value providing a capital gain. 2.3. Financial ratios. Ian MacKenzie defines that “A ratio is the number obtained when one number is divided by another. Various financial ratios are used to measure profitability, solvency, liquidity, efficiency, etc” (1996, p.138). Current ratio (or working capital) (in Vietnamese: hệ số khả năng thanh toỏn ngắn hạn) measures liquidity. i.e.having enough cash to meet short-term obligation. It shows if a business can pay its most urgent debts. Quick ratio (or acid test ratio): khả năng thanh toỏn nhanh. Providing a more accurate picture of short-term solvency by considering completely liquid assets. Profit margin / return on sale: biờn lợi nhuận The percentage difference between sales income and the cost of sales. 37
38. Productivity: hiệu suất Showing the amount of work or sales per employee. Earnings per share: thu nhập rũng trờn mỗi cổ phiếu. Relating the company‟s profits to the number of ordinary shares it has issued. Price/ earnings ratio (PER): tỉ suất giỏ cả, lợi tức. Reflecting the market‟s opinion of a company‟s revenues, earnings and dividends: the higher it is, the more investors or optimistic about the company‟s future prospects. Debt/equity ratio or gearing: tỉ suất mắc nợ. Comparing the amount of debt to the firm‟s own capital. A highly- geared company is one that has a lot of debt compared to equity. Interest cover / times interest earned: phớ lói. Showing whether funds are available to pay long-term debt costs. Dividend cover / dividend payout ratio: tỉ suất trả cổ tức. Showing the percentage of income paid out to shareholders (or the number of times to net profits available for distribution exceed the dividend actually paid). Return on equity: hệ số thu nhập trờn vốn cổ phần. Showing profit compared to shareholder‟s capital. Return on total assets: hệ số thu nhập trờn tổng tài sản. Showing profit compared to all of a company‟s capital whether debt or equity. Market/book ratio: tỉ suất thị giỏ ( cổ phiếu). It is current stock market value dividend by the amount invested by shareholders. 2.4. Rise and fall Every day, we often listen to different information on TV, Internet and the other mass media like that today gold price hits an all-time high, Vinashin Corporation‟s bond decreases, USD increases to 16.650d, etc. And surely, the 38
39. differences in use of rise – fall words make you enjoyable. Therefore, the researcher collected words which are relevant to various utterances of rise- fall as follows: Explanation Words Illustration English Vietnamese Advance To move forward Tăng Be steady or not Be firm/strong Đứng vững likely to change Be easy to Be weak influence, not firm Yếu/dễ xuống or powerful Decline To become weaker giảm Dip To go down Giảm To fall, make Drop Sụt giảm something lower To move Ease Giảm nhẹ something slowly Jump To move quickly Tăng vọt Leap To move quickly Tăng vọt To reach the Peak Đạt đỉnh điểm highest point 39
40. To fall suddenly and quickly from a Plummet Giảm mạnh high level or position To jump, drop and Plunge Giảm mạnh fall suddenly To get stronger, Rally healthier after a Phục hồi period of weakness To hit sth/sb and Rebound then go in a Phục hồi different direction To become well Thăng bằng/ Recover again after illness phục hồi To become or make something Revive Phục hồi strong or healthy again To move upwards, Rise to become higher, Tăng stronger To increase or rise Rocket Tăng vọt very quickly Sink To go down Giảm xuống 40
41. Slip To fall a little Giảm nhẹ Slump To fall suddenly Giảm mạnh to go up and down, Fluctuate Dao động rise and fall 41
42. DESCRIBING GRAPHS Here are the words and phrases you need to talk about trends using graphs. UP – verbs go up take off shoot up soar jump increase rise grow improve rocket UP – nouns an increase a rise a growth an improvement an upturn a surge an upsurge an upward trend DOWN – verbs go/come down fall fall off drop slump decline decrease slip plummet shrink DOWN – nouns a fall a decrease a decline a drop a downturn a downward trend NO CHANGE –verbs remain stable level off stay at the same level remain constant stagnate stabilize AT THE TOP – verbs reach a peak peak top out AT THE BOTTOM – verbs reach a low point bottom out recover DEGREE OF CHANGE Adjective: dramatic, considerable, sharp, significant, substantial, moderate, slight Adverbs: dramatically, considerably, sharply, significantly, substantially, moderately, slightly SPEED OF CHANGE abrupt sudden rapid quick steady gradual slow PREPOSITIONS a rise from Ê1m to Ê2m to increase by 50% to fall by 30% an increase of 7.5% over last year 42
43. “If you owe your BANK a hundred pounds, you have a problem. If you owe it a million pounds, is has a problem !” JOHN MAYNRD KEYNES 43
44. 3. TYPICAL TERMS REALATING TO BANK-BANKING A bank is simply a business. Like other businesses, bank tries to make profits. They do this by providing services and charging for those services. Banks use the money that people deposit with them to lend to other people who want to borrow money. They can do this because they can reasonably be sure that not all the depositors will want to use their money at the same time. If many depositors decide to take out their money, the bank may find out that it does not have enough cash to pay them all. If other depositors hear of this money may probably all rush to the bank to claim back their money – The bank might then have to close down. The bank would have lost the trust, which is the most important factor in its existence. To make full use of its deposits a bank uses a wide range of lending services and other banking functions. The banks make money by lending money, especially to company customers who need large sums. These company customers expect many other services and issuing guarantees. Many of these services do not involve lending money so the banks charge fixed amounts for each service. We call this kind of income “Fee income”. Many bank services involve exchanging one currency into another – Foreign exchange. This is another profitable activity for banks because they buy a currency at one rate and sell it at higher rate – The difference is “Exchange profit”. In short, the three main types of bank income are interest income, fee income and exchange profit. Banking is a profitable business and competition among banks is increasing. As competition increases it becomes more difficult to make profit. For this reason banks are always looking for new banking services in order to expand their business. As a result, banks have become more interested in marketing 3.1. Types of bank Here I mention the most important kinds of bank.  Central bank (in Vietnamese :ngõn hàng trung ương) supervise the 44
45. banking system; fix the minimum interest rate; issue bank notes; control the money supply; influence exchange rates; and act as lender of last resort.  Commercial bank ( in Vietnamese: ngõn hàng thương mại) is business that trade in money. They receive and hold deposits in current and savings accounts, pay money according to customer‟s instructions, lend money, and offer investment advice, foreign exchange facilities, and so on. In some countries such as England these banks have braches in all major towns; in other countries there are smaller regional banks. Under American law, for example, banks can operate in only one state. Some countries have banks that were originally confined to a single industry, e.g. the Crộdit Agricole in France, but these now usually have a far wider customer base.  In some European countries, notably Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, there are universal banks (ngõn hàng thế giới) which combine deposit and loan banking with share and bond dealing, investment advice, etc.  Yet even universal banks usually form a subsidiary, known as a finance house (Vietnamese call it is cụng ty tài chớnh), to lend money – at several percent over the base lending rate – for hire purchase or installment credit, that is, loan to consumers that are repaid in regular, equal monthly amounts.  In Britain, the USA and Japan, however, there is, or used to be, a strict separation between commercial banks and banks that do stockbroking or bond dealing. Thus, in Britain, merchant banks (ngõn hàng thương mại) specialize in raising funds for industry on the various financial markets, financing international trade, issuing and underwriting securities, dealing with takeovers and mergers, issuing government bonds, and so on. They also offer stockbroking and portforlio management services to rich corporate and individual clients. Investment banks (ngõn hàng đầu tư) in the USA are similar, but they can only act as intermediaries offering advisory services, and do not offer loans themselves.  There are also building societies (Vietnamese is cụng ty nhà) that provide mortgages, i.e. they lend money to home-buyers on the security of 45
46. houses and flats, and attract savers by paying higher interest than the banks. The savings and loan associations in the United States served a similar function, until most of them went spectacularly bankrupt at the end of the 1980s.  They are also supranational banks (ngõn hàng siờu quốc gia) such as the World Bank or the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which are generally concerned with economic develop. 3.2. Word-partnerships – bank  Bank account: tài khoản ngõn hàng. An arrangement with a bank to deposit and withdraw money, settle bills, etc.  Bank clerk: nhõn viờn ngõn hàng. A person who works in a bank.  Bank deposit: tiền gửi ngõn hàng. Money that is kept in a bank.  Bank holiday: ngày nghỉ của ngõn hàng. In Britain, it is public holiday. In the US when the government temporarily closes a bank to prevent panic.  Bank manager: giỏm đốc ngõn hàng. A person who manage bank‟s operation.  Bank note: giấy bạc A piece of paper money, issued by a (central) bank.  Off-shore banking: nghiệp vụ ngõn hàng ở nước ngoài Transactions by non-residents in foreign currencies in tax havens such as Burmuda, the Cayman Island, Liechtenstein, etc.  Bank statement: bản bỏo cỏo tài chớnh A record of all transactions (credits and debits) in a bank during a particular period.  Wholesale banking: hoạt động giao dịch giữa cỏc ngõn hàng. Banks‟ dealings (making loans, accepting deposits) with other banks and financial institutions. 46
47. 3.3. Banking productions. . Cash dispenser: mỏy rỳt tiền. A computerized machine that allows bank customers to withdraw money, check their balance, etc., by using their cash card and a private number, called a PIN number. . Cheque: Sộc A written order to a bank to pay on demand a specified sum to a named person or business. Cheques generally contain: 1. Place of issue 2. Cheque number 3. Date of issue 4. Payee 5. Amount of currency 6. Signature of the drawer 7. Routing / account number in MICR format. In the U.S., the routing transit number is a nine-digit number in which the first 4 digits identifies the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank's cheque-processing center. This is followed by digits 5 through 8, identifying the specific bank served by that cheque- processing center. Digit 9 is a verification check digit, computed using a complex algorithm of the previous 8 digits. o Typically the routing number is followed by a group 8 or 9 MICR digits that indicates the particular account number at that bank. The account number is assigned independently by the various banks. o Typically the account number is followed by a group of 3 or 4 MICR digits that indicates a particular cheque number from that account. 8. Fractional routing number (U.S. only) - also known as the transit number, consists of a denominator mirroring the first 4 digits of the routing number. And a hyphenated numerator, also known as the ABA number, in which the first part is a city code (1-49), if the account is in one of 49 specific 47
48. cities, or a state code (50-99) if it is not in one of those specific cities; the second part of the hyphenated numerator mirrors the 5th through 8th digits of the routing number with leading zeros removed. I support some illustrations of Sec in several countries in the world as follows: Example of a Canadian cheque. Example of a U.S. dollar cheque issued by a Canadian bank. If the bank account was in CAD, USD would have to be added to the cheque to make it be valued in USD. Sample for a fictional cheque in the United Kingdom. The cheque is crossed (with ACCOUNT PAYEE written vertically in the middle of the cheque), which means that it can only be paid into a bank account, not to cash. Cheques issued in other Commonwealth countries are similar. 48
49. Example of a South Korean cheque, where the payee and signature are on the reverse side. . Credit card: Thẻ tớn dụng A plastic card issued by a bank or finance company that guarantees payment for goods or services purchased by the cardholders, who pays back the bank at a later date. There are many different colors issued by various banks but the same size. Some illustrations for this explanation as follows. No Name of bank Credit card 1 Vietcombank 2 Sacomabank 3 Vietinbank 4 VIBank 5 BIDV Bank 49
50. . Current account: tài khoản vóng lai Bank account that pays no or little interest, but allows the holder to withdraw his or her cash with no restriction. . Deposit account: tài khoản tiền gửi A type of bank account where your money earns interest. You can‟t take money out of deposit account without arranging it first in the bank. . Loan: Khoản vay Something lent (usually money) that will have to be given or paid back (usually with interest). . Mortgage: Thế chấp A loan, usually to buy property, which services as security for the loan; to take out a loan with a property as security. . Overdraft: Thấu chi An arrangement by which a customer can withdraw more from an account than has been deposited in it, up to agreed limit, interest on the debt is calculated daily (to overdraw). . Pension: Lương hưu A regulation sum of money paid to a retired worker in return for past services or contributions. 3.4. Banking services. Chequebook: Sổ sộc A book of cheque. Loan: Khoản vay Something lent (usually money) that will have to be given or paid back (usually with interest). Banker’s draft: Hối phiếu ngõn hàng A document guaranteeing payment by a bank (often used instead of cheques to pay bills in foreign currencies). Night safe: kột bảo hiểm/ sắt ban đờm. A safe set in the wall of a bank in which business customers can deposit 50
51. money in the evening and at weekends when the bank is closed. Foreign exchange: Ngoại hối Currency of countries other than one‟s own. Transfer: chuyển khoản To officially arrange for something to belong to, or be controlled by, something else. Credit card: Thẻ tớn dụng A plastic card issued by a bank or finance company that guarantees payment for goods or services purchased by the cardholders, who pays back the bank at a later date. Mortgage: Thế chấp A loan, usually to buy property, which services as security for the loan; to take out a loan with a property as security Overdraft: Thấu chi An arrangement by which a customer can withdraw more from an account than has been deposited in it, up to agreed limit, interest on the debt is calculated daily (to overdraw). Deposit account: tài khoản tiền gửi A type of bank account where your money earns interest. You can‟t take money out of deposit account without arranging it first in the bank. Letter of credit: Thư tớn dụng A paper issued by a buyer‟s bank as proof that the seller will be paid. Current account: tài khoản vóng lai Bank account that pays no or little interest, but allows the holder to withdraw his or her cash with no restriction. Safe(ty) deposit box: kớ gửi an toàn A secure box in a bank where customers can keep valuable objects. 4. THE OTHERS. 4.1. Types of assets. According to Ian MacKenzie, “Asset (Vietnamese is tài sản) is Anything 51
52. of value owned by a business that can be used to produce goods, pay liabilities, etc; [often used in the plural-assets]” (1996, p. 115).  Current/circulating or floating asset: tài sản lưu động Those which will be consumed or turned into cash in the ordinary course of business.  Fixed or capital /permanent asset: tài sản cố định. Such as land, buildings and machines, can not be sold or turned into cash, as they are required for making and selling the firm‟s products. Here is some examples of fixed asset.  Intangible asset: tài sản vụ hỡnh. Those that value can only be quantified or turned into cash with difficulty, such as goodwill, patents, copyrights and trademarks. Here is an illustration of intangible asset.  Liquid/available asset: tài sản cú tớnh lưu động. Anything that can quickly be turned into cash. 52
53. This is image of liquid asset.  Net current asset/ working capital: tài sản thực hiện thời The excess of current assets (such as cash, inventories, debtors) over current liabilities (creditors, overdrafts, etc.)  Net asset/ shareholder’s equity: vốn cổ đụng On a business‟s balance sheet, is asset minus liabilities (which is generally equal to fixed assets plus the different between current assets and current liabilities).  Wasting asset: tài sản cú thể hao mũn. Those that are gradually exhausted (used up) in production and can not be replaced. Coal and machines are examples of wasting asset.  Collateral : vật thế chấp Collateral refers to assets that are pledged for security in a credit transaction. Borrowers want to get as much credit as possible without giving any more collateral than it necessary. In contrast, banks want as much collateral as possible to protect their interests 53
54. 4.2. Borrowing and lending. Borrowing and lending are two of the main activities in finance and banking sector. Below, I collect some words relating to this act.  Borrow: vay, mượn To receive money that will later have to paid back (usually plus interest)  Creditor: chủ nợ. Person or organization to whom money is owed (for goods or services rendered, or as repayment of a loan).  Lend: cho vay To allow someone to use a sum of money that will have to be paid back.  Loan: khoản vay. Something lent (usually money) that will have to be given or paid back (usually with interest).  Interest: tiền lói Money to paid to a lender for the use of borrowed money; or a stake in a business.  Principal: tiền vốn; The amount of a loan, which the borrower has to pay back when the loan matures; a person who engages a broken to buy and sell for him.  Own: sở hữu To have or possess.  Owe: nợ To have an obligation to pay or repay money.  Yield: mức sinh lợi The rate of income an investors receives from a security, to produce or provide income. 54
55. 5. SOME ABBREVIATIONS English Explanation Vietnamese A/C Account Tài khoản a/cs pay. Accounts Payable Nợ phải trả a/cs rec. Accounts Receivable Khoản phải thu ACV Actual Cash Value Giỏ trị tiền mặt thực tế Asset - Liability Quản lớ quan hệ tài sản- ALM Management cụng nợ AMA Asset Management Account Tài khoản quản lớ tài sản A/O Account of Tài khoản của Thực hiện toàn bộ hay bói AON All-Or-None bỏ ATM Automatic Teller Machine Mỏy rỳt tiền tự động a.r. All Risks Mọi rủi ro Bal Balance Bảng cõn đối Bank of Credit and Ngõn hàng tớn dụng và BCCI Commerce International thương mại quốc tế B/E Bill of Exchange Hối phiếu BERT Bank Expert Chuyờn viờn ngõn hàng Bkg Banking Hoạt động ngõn hàng Bk(r)pt Bankrupt Phỏ sản BNs Banknotes Giấy bạc ngõn hàng B/P Bills Payable Cỏc khoản phải chi trả C/A current account Tài khoản vóng lai cap. capital Vốn Certificates for Amortizing Giấy chưng nhận nợ tuần CARDs Revolving Debt hoàn khấu hao c.b. Cash Book Sổ quỹ 55
56. CBK Checkbook Sổ sộc CC Credit card Thẻ tớn dụng Kế toỏn theo chi phớ hiện CCA Current Cost Accounting thời CD Certificate of Deposit Chứng chỉ tiền gửi Chq Cheque Sộc ck Check Sộc Cr. Credit/creditor Bờn nợ/chủ nợ cur. Currency Tiền tệ D / a Tài khoản tiền gửi cú kỡ DA Deposit Account hạn D/A d.e. Double Entry Bỳt toỏn kộp div Dividend Cổ tức DPS Dividend Per Share Cổ tức theo cổ phần dpt deposit Tiền gửi D / R Deposit Receipt Biờn lai tiền gửi dr Debtor Người mắc nợ e.o.m. End of the Month (Dating) Cuối thỏng EPR Earnings Price Ratio Tỉ lệ lợi nhuận trờn giỏ Thu nhập rũng trờn mỗi cổ e.p.s. Earnings Per Share phiếu Exch. Exchange Hối đoỏi Lượng lưu động tiền mặt tự FCF Free Cash Flow do Foreign Exchange FEC Giấy chứng đổi ngoại tệ Certificate FY Financial / Fiscal Year Năm tài chớnh IBRD International Bank for Ngõn hàng thế giới 56
57. Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) International Investment IIB Ngõn hàng đầu tư quốc tế Bank INCE Insurance Bảo hiểm Int. Interest Lói IOU I Owe You Tụi nợ tiền ụng/bà. L / C Letter of Credit Thư tớn dụng m / a My Account Đưa vào tài khoản của tụi MC Marginal Credit Hạn độ tớn dụng MFI Money Flow Index Chỉ số lưu lượng tiền mon. Monetary Tiền tệ Mort Mortgage Thế chấp/cầm cố NAV Net Asset Value Chỉ số giỏ trị tài sản thuần Net Book Value (of an NBV Trị giỏ tài sản theo sổ sỏch Asset) NCF Net Cash Flow Lưu lượng tiền mặt rũng NII Net Interest Income Thu nhập lói rũng O / A On Account Ghi chịu (trả dần) Overall Balance of OBP Tổng cỏn cõn thanh toỏn Payments Hệ thống ngõn hàng nước OBU Offshore Banking Unit ngoài O / D overdraft Thấu chi ODR Official Discount Rate Mức chiết khấu chớnh thức p / a Personal Account Tài khoản cỏ nhõn P / A Private Account Tài khoản tư nhõn P / L Acct Profit and Loss Account Bản quyết toỏn lói lỗ payt Payment Khoản tiền được trả 57
58. Tỷ lệ giỏ trờn thu nhập cổ P / E Price - Earnings phần ppd Prepaid (Expenses) Đó trả trước Pt Card Platinum Card Card bọc bạch kim Pte Bank Private Bank Ngõn hàng tư nhõn PVR Profit / Volume Ratio Tỷ suõt lợi nhuận ROA Return On Assets Thu lợi từ tài sản ROC Return On Capital Mức lời trờn vốn đầu tư ROE Return On Equity Thu nhập về vốn cổ phần ROI Return On Investment Lới tức đầu tư ROS Return On Sales Thu nhập từ doanh thu SAA Special Arbitrage Account Tài khoản acit đặc biệt S / D Sight Draft Hối phiếu trả tiền ngay Danh sỏch chớnh thức hàng Stock Exchange Daily SEDOL ngày ở sở giao dịch chứng Official List khoỏn sh. Share Cổ phần stk Stock Chứng khoỏn t.l. TL Total loss Thiệt hại toàn bộ T / L Tài khoản bảo hiểm (vận tải U / a Underwriting Account biển) YLD Yield Lợi nhuận 58
59. CHAPTER III: IMPLICATION 1. Difficulties and challenges in translation of finance and banking terms. Translation requires learners and researchers study hard, looks for and hunts from many sources, reference documents. Especially, translation of professional area like finance and banking is more difficult and complicated. In order to gain comparatively good translation skills, it is necessary to court, to collect professional documents and information, then learners may start the process of translating terms from English into Vietnamese. First of all, in general, we do not find familiar with finance and banking term and we can not translate terms influently because the knowledge about this area is limited. A term in normal context has popular meaning, but when it is put in specific context, its meaning changes and translators, sometimes, feel confusing. He or she does not know how to convert it, transfer it so that readers can understand the meaning. The second difficulty is that students lack of practice knowledge on this field. Students have not many precious chances to take part in doing works in finance and banking site. For example, we do not know what is current account, how it is fixed or which purpose it is used for. For this reason, the translation of terms from English into Vietnamese is not exact. The third difficulty is that the scope of finance and banking is regarded so large and learners have to select a suitable aspect in this field. Too much information may divert translation from a right way to supply readers a simple but exact and meaningful translation result. Moreover, finance and banking is a quite new subject in Vietnam, so when this issue becomes compulsory, it brings certain challenges to lectures to teach and to students to study. The first problem which the author mentions is lack of materials. Maybe, this is the most serious problem because of its direct influence in result and experience in both studying and teaching. According to Mr. Phan Tri Dung-the director of Petech Technology and Science Corporation, ESP plays a very important role. If students do not know ESP, it means that they have no key to open new knowledge and victory. 59
60. ESP, specially ESP in finance and banking now does not meet the need of both teachers and students. When I decided to research into this theme, unfortunately and strangely, I have not found out available documents and textbooks at HPU‟s library yet. The second obstacle is that most of materials do not obey general sample. For instance, maritime sector use textbook of international maritime organization. For the fields which have no ESP material, teachers themselves have to compile documents to meet up the curriculum. The last difficulty belongs to objective conditions. Nowadays, most of lecturers who are teaching ESP come from Foreign Department because training teachers of ESP is really a big difficulty. Above I have just mentioned three challenges of studying and teaching ESP, especially in finance and banking. Finally, the author hopes that translation of finance and banking can be better in the future and she would like to contribute some tips for a better translation as follows: 2. Some tips for a better translation. The first tip is that students should read more materials, documents and newspapers both in English and in Vietnamese so that they have a good equivalence in translating. The second solution is that learners may collect information on Internet or search webs. Because Internet is a useful source for studying, it is possible to find out necessary reference documents. Although Internet plays an important role in our work, it can provide us with some unbelievable information, we had better try to choose and select documents for studying. The third tip, the researcher herself thinks, universities should arrange suitable period for ESP. In fact, time allowance for ESP is not enough to teach and learn it, so quality in both teaching and learning ESP is limited. The other factors such as cooperation between English teachers and subject teachers, university entrance-exam quality of students should be attended. 60
61. 3. Some exercises and suggested answers 3.1. Exercises. Exercise 1: Choose the correct answer to complete each sentence. 1. Money in notes and coins is called . a. cash b. capital c. reserves 2. Money borrowed from a bank is a . a. deposit b. funds c. monies 3. The money earned for a week‟s manual work is called . a. income b. salary c. wages 4. A rise in the general level of prices, and an increase in the money supply . a. credit b. inflation c. price 5. The cost of a goods or service to the consumer . a. price b. credit c. inflation 6. The price at which one currency can be exchanged for another one . a. exchange rate b. interest rate c. bond 7. The stock of money (cash and liquid resources required by a business to continue producing or trading) is . a. capital ratio b. working capital c.capital gains tax 8. On the balance sheet, money on business owes to supplies for purchase made on credit is . a. bank account b. profit and loss c.account payable 9. An arrangement with a bank to deposit and withdraw money, settle bills, etc is called . a. bank account b. cost accounting c.deposit account 10. Bank account which pays no or little interest, but allows the holder to withdraw his or her cash with no restriction . a. numbered account b. current account c. account 61
62. Exercise 2: Now complete the following sentence with words from the box. capital velocity account currencies tight money human capital accounting equation accounting method managerial accounting accounting procedures 1. The dollar, the mark and the yen are called 2. The money needed to start a company is called 3. The speed at which something moves in a particular direction is . 4. is expensive money, when interest rates are high and loans are hard to obtain 5. The basic is Assets = Liabilities + Owner‟s Equity. 6. The role of is to provide figures and statements that will aid decision-making. 7. Another name for labour (especially, the skills and abilities of trained or educated workers) is called . 8. . is a statement of money paid or owed; an arrangement with a firm that allows credit for payments. 9. Companies can choose from a variety of , but they are not allowed to change them too often. 10. Auditors are supposed to make sure that companies follow their started Exercise 3: Add the words and expressions that complete the following sentences to the wordbox. 1. A (10,5) receives a dividend before the other classes of share. 2. An (8,8) is one issued by a fairy new or small company, sold on a smaller stock exchange with fewer regulations than the big stock exchange. 3. A (5,5) is one of three names for new shares distributed to shareholders instead of a dividend. 4. A (7) is sometimes issued with a bond, giving the holder the right to buy the same company‟s shares at a certain price. 5. A (4,4) is one that is considered risky, but which pays a high rate of 62
63. interest. 6. A (4,6,4) pays no interest, but instead is issued at a discount (and of course redeemed at 100%). 7. An (6) gives the right to buy or sell an asset at a certain price on a certain date. 8. A (4) is the exchange of one security; currency, etc, for another. 9. A (4) is a bond issued by the British government. 10. A (8,4) is a short-term security issued by the Bank of England to regulate the money supply. 11. An (8,5) is the most common type of equity. 12. A (6,5) is one whose owner is not registered with the issuing company. 13. A (6,5) is one whose market price is expected to rise in the future. 14. A (8) is a loan to buy property, with the property (house, apartment, etc.) serving as a guarantee for the loan. 15. A (4,4) is a security in a large, safe, profitable company. 16. (6,5) is the American equivalence of ordinary shares in Britain. 17. A (8,5) does not receive any dividend payment until after other categories of shares have received theirs. 18. A (9) is a bond issued by a company and secured by a company‟s assets. 19. A (6) is a contract to deliver a commodity, security, currency, etc. at a pre-arranged date, with the price fixed when the contract is made. 20. A (6,5) consists of new shares offered at below their nominal value to existing shareholders. 63
64. 1. F 2. I 3. N 4. A 5. N 6. C 7 I 8. A 9. L 10 I 11 N 12 S 13 T 14 R 15 U 16 M 17 E 18 N 19 T 20 S Exercise 4: Match these sentences halves. 1. Profit and loss account a. measures liquidity-i.e.having enough cash to meet short-term obligations. 2. Balance sheet b. shows revenue and expenditure. 3. Current ratio c. shows the amount of works and sales per employee. 4. Profit margin d. compares the amount of debt to the firm‟s own capital highly-geared company is one that a lot of debt 64
65. compared to equity. 5. Productivity e. shows the financial situation of the company on a particular date, generally the last day of its financial year. 6. PER f. arisen. 7. Debt ratio g.shows profit compared to shareholder‟s capital. 8. Return on equity h. reflects the market‟s opinion of a company revenue, earnings and dividend. 9. A cash-flow crisis has i. is to go up and down, rise and fall. 10. Fluctuate k. is the percentage difference between sale income and the cost of the sale. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Exercise 5: Which are following sentences TRUE or FALSE (T or F)? 1. Like other business, bank try to make profits. T/F 2. The banks make money by borrowing money, especially to T/F company customers who need large sums. 3. Central bank supervises the banking system. T/F 4. Universal bank is business that trade in money. T/F 5. In the USA, merchant banks specialize in raising funds for industry on the various financial markets, financing international T/F trade, issuing and underwriting securities, dealing with takeovers and mergers, issuing government bonds, and so on. 6. Banknote is a piece of paper money, issued by a (central) bank. T/F 7. Deposit account is bank account that pays no or little interest, but allows the holder to withdraw his or her cash with no T/F restriction. 8. Banker‟s draft is a document guaranteeing payment by a bank T/F 65
66. (often used instead of cheques to pay bills in foreign currencies). 9. Foreign exchange is currency of countries other than one‟s own. T/F 10. Credit card is a plastic card issued by the goverment that guarantees payment for goods or services purchased by the T/F cardholders, who pays back the bank at a later date. Exercise 6: Cross out the word which does not normally go with the key word 1 To pay To lend papayborr ow money To sent To eat 2 coal gold Wasting asset Copy rights diamond 3 land building Capital asset machines trademark 66
67. 4 gold money Liquid asset land coin 5 To make To earn a profit To generate To do 6 To divide To earn bankrupcy To be close to To go into Exercise 7: Put the missing letters to make equivalent words in British or American English. No British English American English 1 Cre_ _t_ _s Accounts p_ _ ab_ _ 2 D_ _t_r_ Ac_ _unts r_cei_ _ble 3 Overh_ _ds Overhead 4 Pro_ _t and loss account Inc_me st_ _eme_ _ 5 Sha_eho_de_ St_ck_ _ld_ _ 6 Share p_e_ium Pa_d-in s_rp_ _s 3.2. Suggested answers. Exercise 1: 67
68. 1. a 2. c 3.c 4.b 5.a 6.a 7.b 8.c 9.a 10.b Exercise 2: 1.currencies 2.capital 3.velocity 4.tight money 5.accounting equation 6.managerial accounting 7. human capital 8. Account 9.accounting method 10.accounting procedures Exercise 3: 1.preference share 2.unlisted security 3.bonus issue 4.warrant 5.junk bond 6.zero coupon bond 7.option 8.swap 9.gilt 10.treasury bill 11.ordinary share 12.bearer share 13.growth stock 14.mortgage 15.blue chip 16.common stock 17.deferred share 18.debenture 19.future 20.rights issue Exercise 4: 1. b 2. e 3.a 4.k 5.c 6.h 7.d 8.g 9.f 10.i Exercise 5: 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.F Exercise 6: 1. 2. To eat Copy rights 3. 4. trademark gold land 5. 6. To do To divide Exercise 7: No British English American English 1 Creditors Accounts payable 2 Debtors Accounts receivable 3 Overheads Overhead 4 Profit and loss account Income statement 5 Shareholder Stockholder 6 Share premium Paid-in surplus 68
69. PART III : CONCLUSION 1. Issues addressed in the study Due to limitation of timeframe and knowledge, the author can not cover all vocabularies in this theme, she introduced the basic terms only and presented them in chapter II. Below is detailed content of the study: Part I - the author mentions introduction of the study. Part II is the main section of this study named development consisting three chapters: Chapter I includes theory which is relevant to content of the study. Accordingly, the author mentions theory of translation and ESP. Chapter II is the major version of the study. In this part, the researcher grouped and then divided terms according to individual phenomenon so that it is easy for readers to understand. Chapter III is implication of the study in which seven typical exercises are addressed. The last part, part III is conclusion for the whole research. 2. Suggestions for further study As mentioned above, this thesis limited itself to basic English- Vietnamese terms in finance and banking only. However, no one can deny that these terms are very important for further study, because these basic ESP ones themselves will contribute to help learners to improve other skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Therefore, the author suggests that learners should study more and more ESP in finance and banking, then carry out other study relating to this topic. The author hopes that the content of this study may be much improved in the future. 69
70. British and American Terms The following are some of the more obvious and important differences in terminology between British and American English in the area of finance. British American Vietnamese Annual General Annual Stockholders Cuộc họp thường niờn Meeting (AGM) Meeting Articles of Association Bylaws Điều lệ cụng ty authorized share authorized capital Vốn cổ phần được phộp capital stock phỏt hành Chứng khoỏn/ cổ phiếu barometer stock bellwether stock phong vũ biểu base rate prime rate Giỏ gốc bonus or scrip or stock dividend or stock Phỏt hành cổ phiếu capitalization issue split bridging loan bridge loan Khoản vay bắc cầu savings or loan building society Cụng ty nhà association or “thrift” cheque check Sộc company corporation Cụng ty creditors accounts payable Tiền nợ current account checking account TK vóng lai debtors accounts receivable Khoản phải thu gilts or gilt-edged Treasury bonds Cụng trỏi nhà nước stock labour labor Nhõn cụng menorandum of Certificate of Giấy chứng nhận thành lập association incorporation cụng ty 70
71. merchant bank investment bank Ngõn hàng thương mại ordinary share common stock Cổ phiếu thường overheads overhead Chi phớ quản lớ profit and loss account income statement Bỏo cỏo doanh thu property real estate Bất động sản quoted company listed company Cụng ty được yết giỏ retail price index consumer price index Chỉ số giỏ bỏn lẻ (RPI) (CPI) share stock Cổ phần/phiếu Tiền bự (phỏt hành) cổ share premium paid-in surplus phiếu shareholder stockholder Cổ đụng shareholder‟s equity stockholder‟s equity Vốn cổ đụng stock inventory Hàng tồn kho trade union labor union Cụng đoàn unit trusts mutual funds Cỏc đon vị tớnh thỏc visible trade merchandise trade Mậu dịch hữu hỡnh 71
72. Currencies of the World This web page references all the currencies of the world. ISO-4217 currency codes are provided along with commonly used symbols. Clicking on the name of a currency redirects you to the corresponding Wikipedia entry. Last updated: May 1, 2008 ISO- Country Currency Symbol 4217 A Afghanistan Afghan afghani AFN Albania Albanian lek ALL Algeria Algerian dinar DZD American Samoa see United States Andorra see Spain and France Angola Angolan kwanza AOA Anguilla East Caribbean dollar XCD EC$ Antigua and Barbuda East Caribbean dollar XCD EC$ Argentina Argentine peso ARS Armenia Armenian dram AMD Aruba Aruban florin AWG ƒ Australia Australian dollar AUD $ Austria European euro EUR € Azerbaijan Azerbaijani manat AZN B Bahamas Bahamian dollar BSD B$ Bahrain Bahraini dinar BHD Bangladesh Bangladeshi taka BDT 72
73. Barbados Barbadian dollar BBD Bds$ Belarus Belarusian ruble BYR Br Belgium European euro EUR € Belize Belize dollar BZD BZ$ Benin West African CFA franc XOF CFA Bermuda Bermudian dollar BMD BD$ Bhutan Bhutanese ngultrum BTN Nu. Bolivia Bolivian boliviano BOB Bs. Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia-Herzegovina BAM KM konvertibilna marka Botswana Botswana pula BWP P Brazil Brazilian real BRL R$ British Indian Ocean see United Kingdom Territory Brunei Brunei dollar BND B$ Bulgaria Bulgarian lev BGN Burkina Faso West African CFA franc XOF CFA Burma see Myanmar Burundi Burundi franc BIF FBu C Cambodia Cambodian riel KHR Cameroon Central African CFA franc XAF CFA Canada Canadian dollar CAD $ Canton and Enderbury see Kiribati Islands Cape Verde Cape Verdean escudo CVE Esc 73
74. Cayman Islands Cayman Islands dollar KYD KY$ Central African Republic Central African CFA franc XAF CFA Chad Central African CFA franc XAF CFA Chile Chilean peso CLP $ China Chinese renminbi CNY Ơ Christmas Island see Australia Cocos (Keeling) Islands see Australia Colombia Colombian peso COP Col$ Comoros Comorian franc KMF Congo Central African CFA franc XAF CFA Congo, Democratic Republic Congolese franc CDF F Cook Islands see New Zealand Costa Rica Costa Rican colon CRC ₡ Cụte d'Ivoire West African CFA franc XOF CFA Croatia Croatian kuna HRK kn Cuba Cuban peso CUC $ Cyprus European euro EUR € Czech Republic Czech koruna CZK Kč D Denmark Danish krone DKK Kr Djibouti Djiboutian franc DJF Fdj Dominica East Caribbean dollar XCD EC$ Dominican Republic Dominican peso DOP RD$ Dronning Maud Land see Norway E East Timor see Timor-Leste 74
75. Ecuador uses the U.S. Dollar Egypt Egyptian pound EGP Ê El Salvador uses the U.S. Dollar Equatorial Guinea Central African CFA franc GQE CFA Eritrea Eritrean nakfa ERN Nfa Estonia Estonian kroon EEK KR Ethiopia Ethiopian birr ETB Br F Faeroe Islands (Fứroyar) see Denmark Falkland Islands Falkland Islands pound FKP Ê Fiji Fijian dollar FJD FJ$ Finland European euro EUR € France European euro EUR € French Guiana see France French Polynesia CFP franc XPF F G Gabon Central African CFA franc XAF CFA Gambia Gambian dalasi GMD D Georgia Georgian lari GEL Germany European euro EUR € Ghana Ghanaian cedi GHS Gibraltar Gibraltar pound GIP Ê Great Britain see United Kingdom Greece European euro EUR € Greenland see Denmark Grenada East Caribbean dollar XCD EC$ 75
76. Guadeloupe see France Guam see United States Guatemala Guatemalan quetzal GTQ Q Guernsey see United Kingdom Guinea-Bissau West African CFA franc XOF CFA Guinea Guinean franc GNF FG Guyana Guyanese dollar GYD GY$ H Haiti Haitian gourde HTG G Heard and McDonald Islands see Australia Honduras Honduran lempira HNL L Hong Kong Hong Kong dollar HKD HK$ Hungary Hungarian forint HUF Ft I Iceland Icelandic krúna ISK kr India Indian rupee INR Rs Indonesia Indonesian rupiah IDR Rp International Monetary Fund Special Drawing Rights XDR SDR Iran Iranian rial IRR Iraq Iraqi dinar IQD Ireland European euro EUR € Isle of Man see United Kingdom Israel Israeli new sheqel ILS Italy European euro EUR € Ivory Coast see Cụte d'Ivoire J 76
77. Jamaica Jamaican dollar JMD J$ Japan Japanese yen JPY Ơ Jersey see United Kingdom Johnston Island see United States Jordan Jordanian dinar JOD K Kampuchea see Cambodia Kazakhstan Kazakhstani tenge KZT T Kenya Kenyan shilling KES KSh Kiribati see Australia Korea, North North Korean won KPW W Korea, South South Korean won KRW W Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar KWD Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstani som KGS L Laos Lao kip LAK KN Latvia Latvian lats LVL Ls Lebanon Lebanese lira LBP Lesotho Lesotho loti LSL M Liberia Liberian dollar LRD L$ Libya Libyan dinar LYD LD Liechtenstein uses the Swiss Franc Lithuania Lithuanian litas LTL Lt Luxembourg European euro EUR € M Macau Macanese pataca MOP P 77
78. Macedonia (Former Yug. Macedonian denar MKD Rep.) Madagascar Malagasy ariary MGA FMG Malawi Malawian kwacha MWK MK Malaysia Malaysian ringgit MYR RM Maldives Maldivian rufiyaa MVR Rf Mali West African CFA franc XOF CFA Malta European Euro EUR € Martinique see France Mauritania Mauritanian ouguiya MRO UM Mauritius Mauritian rupee MUR Rs Mayotte see France Micronesia see United States Midway Islands see United States Mexico Mexican peso MXN $ Moldova Moldovan leu MDL Monaco see France Mongolia Mongolian tugrik MNT ₮ Montenegro see Italy Montserrat East Caribbean dollar XCD EC$ Morocco Moroccan dirham MAD Mozambique Mozambican metical MZM MTn Myanmar Myanma kyat MMK K N Nauru see Australia Namibia Namibian dollar NAD N$ 78
79. Nepal Nepalese rupee NPR NRs Netherlands Antillean Netherlands Antilles ANG NAƒ gulden Netherlands European euro EUR € New Caledonia CFP franc XPF F New Zealand New Zealand dollar NZD NZ$ Nicaragua Nicaraguan cúrdoba NIO C$ Niger West African CFA franc XOF CFA Nigeria Nigerian naira NGN ₦ Niue see New Zealand Norfolk Island see Australia Northern Mariana Islands see United States Norway Norwegian krone NOK kr O Oman Omani rial OMR P Pakistan Pakistani rupee PKR Rs. Palau see United States Panama Panamanian balboa PAB B./ Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinean kina PGK K Paraguay Paraguayan guarani PYG Peru Peruvian nuevo sol PEN S/. Philippines Philippine peso PHP ₱ Pitcairn Island see New Zealand Poland Polish zloty PLN Portugal European euro EUR € 79
80. Puerto Rico see United States Q Qatar Qatari riyal QAR QR R Reunion see France Romania Romanian leu RON L Russia Russian ruble RUB R Rwanda Rwandan franc RWF RF S Samoa (Western) see Western Samoa Samoa (America) see United States San Marino see Italy Sóo Tomộ and Prớncipe Sóo Tomộ and Prớncipe STD Db dobra Saudi Arabia Saudi riyal SAR SR Sộnộgal West African CFA franc XOF CFA Serbia Serbian dinar RSD din. Seychelles Seychellois rupee SCR SR Sierra Leone Sierra Leonean leone SLL Le Singapore Singapore dollar SGD S$ Slovakia European euro EUR € Slovenia European euro EUR € Solomon Islands Solomon Islands dollar SBD SI$ Somalia Somali shilling SOS Sh. South Africa South African rand ZAR R Spain European euro EUR € 80
81. Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee LKR Rs St. Helena Saint Helena pound SHP Ê St. Kitts and Nevis East Caribbean dollar XCD EC$ St. Lucia East Caribbean dollar XCD EC$ St. Vincent and the East Caribbean dollar XCD EC$ Grenadines Sudan Sudanese pound SDG Suriname Surinamese dollar SRD $ Svalbard and Jan Mayen see Norway Islands Swaziland Swazi lilangeni SZL E Sweden Swedish krona SEK kr Switzerland Swiss franc CHF Fr. Syria Syrian pound SYP T Tahiti see French Polynesia Taiwan New Taiwan dollar TWD NT$ Tajikistan Tajikistani somoni TJS Tanzania Tanzanian shilling TZS Thailand Thai baht THB ฿ Timor-Leste uses the U.S. Dollar Togo West African CFA franc XOF CFA Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago dollar TTD TT$ Tunisia Tunisian dinar TND DT Turkey Turkish new lira TRY YTL Turkmenistan Turkmen manat TMT m 81
82. Turks and Caicos Islands see United States Tuvalu see Australia U Uganda Ugandan shilling UGX USh Ukraine Ukrainian hryvnia UAH United Arab Emirates UAE dirham AED United Kingdom British pound GBP Ê United States of America United States dollar USD US$ Upper Volta see Burkina Faso Uruguay Uruguayan peso UYU $U Uzbekistan Uzbekistani som UZS V Vanuatu Vanuatu vatu VUV VT Vatican see Italy Venezuela Venezuelan bolivar VEB Bs Vietnam Vietnamese dong VND ₫ Virgin Islands see United States W Wake Island see United States Wallis and Futuna Islands CFP franc XPF F Western Sahara see Spain, Mauritania and Morocco Western Samoa Samoan tala WST WS$ Y Yemen Yemeni rial YER Z Zaùre see Congo, Democratic Republic 82
83. Zambia Zambian kwacha ZMK ZK Zimbabwe Zimbabwean dollar ZWR Z$ 83
84. REFERENCES English books 1. Baker, M.(1992). In other words: A Coursebook on Translation. London and New York: Longman. 2. Bell, T.R.(1991). Translation and Translating. New York:Long man Inc. 3. Catford, J.C.(1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: OUP. 4. David, C and David, F & Simon, K. (2005). Market leader:intermediate business English course book. China: Longman. 5. Dudley-Evans, T& St John, M. (1988). Developments in ESP. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6. Ellis, M & Johnson, C. (1994). Teaching Business English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7. Hutchinson, T & Water, A. (1987). English for Specific Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8. Ian, M.(1996). Financial English-with mini dictionary of finance. London: Commercial Colour Press. 9. Marks, J. (June 2007). Check your vocabulary for banking and finance. Second edition: A& C Black. 10. Newmark, P.(1977) “Communicative and Semantic Translation” in Chesterman, A., 1989, Reading in Translation Theory. OY Finn Lecture Ab. 11. Oxford Student’s dictionary of English (2001). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12. Robinson, P.C. (1991). ESP today: A Practitioner’s Guide. Helmel Hempstead :Prentice Hall International. 13. Strevens, P.(1988). ESP after twenty year: a Re-appraisal. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre. 84
85. Vietnamese books 14. Đỗ Hữu Chõu. (1998). Cơ sở ngữ nghĩa học từ vựng. NXB Giỏo dục. 15. Nguyễn Thiện Giỏp. (2000). Mấy suy nghĩ về cỏch phiờn chuyển từ ngữ nước ngoài sang tiếng Việt. Ngụn ngữ, 2/2000. 16. Phan Đức Dũng. (2009).kế toỏn tài chớnh. Thành phố Hồ Chớ Minh: NXB Thống Kờ. 17. Trần Ngọc Thơ, Nguyễn Ngọc Định, Nguyễn Thi Liờn Hoa &Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Trang (2000). Tài chớnh quốc tế. Thành phố Hồ Chớ Minh: NXB Thống Kờ. Websites 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. What is translation. (1988, august 5). Retrieved May, 2010, from the World Wilde Web: http:// www.wikipedia.com. 85