Khóa luận A study on translation of english terminologies related to water sector - Vu Thi Thu Huong

Nội dung text: Khóa luận A study on translation of english terminologies related to water sector - Vu Thi Thu Huong

1. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO Tờ 1 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG ISO 9001 : 2008 KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH: NGOẠI NGỮ HẢI PHÒNG - 2010
2. HAIPHONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO WATER SECTOR By: Vu Thi Thu Huong Class: NA1001 Supervisor: Hoang Thi Bay, M.A BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG HAIPHONG - 2010
3. Tờ 3 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG NHIỆM VỤ TỐT NGHIỆP Sinh viên: Mã số: Lớp: Ngành: . Tên đề tài:
4. NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp (Về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và bản vẽ) 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế tính toán 3. Địa điểm thực tập:
5. CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Người hướng dẫn thứ hai: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày tháng năm 2010 Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành trước ngày tháng năm 2010 Đã nhận nhiệm vụ Đ.T.T.N Đã giao nhiệm vụ: Đ.T.T.N Sinh viên Cán bộ hướng dẫn: Đ.T.T.N Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm2010 HIỆU TRƯỞNG GS.TS.NGƯT. Trần Hữu Nghị
6. Tờ 6 Tờ 3 PHẦN NHẬN XÉT TÓM TẮT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp: 2. Đánh giá chất lượng của khóa luận (So với nội dung yêu cầu đó đề ra trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán số liệu): 3. Cho điểm của cán bộ hướng dẫn (ghi bằng cả số và chữ): Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 Cán bộ hướng dẫn (Họ tên và chữ ký)
7. TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of study 1 2. Aims of study 2 3. Methods of study 2 4. Scope of study 3 5. Design of study 3 PART II: DEVELOPMENT Chapter I: Theoretical Background 5 I. Translation theory 5 1 Definition of translation 5 2 Translation methods 6 II. ESP in translation 8 1. Definition of ESP 8 2. Types of ESP 10 3. Definition of technical translation 12 4. Language in Water Sector 14 III. Popular terms relating to Water Sector 15 1. Definition of English terms 15 2. Characteristics of English terms 15 2.1. Systematic 15 2.1. Internationalism 16 2.2. Nationalism 16 2.3. Popularity 17 3. Popular terms relating to Water Ssector 17 3.1. Single terms 17
8. 3.2. Compound terms 19 3.2.1. Technical terms using in engineering designs 19 3.2.2. Technical terms of valves 19 3.2.3. Technical terms of tanks 20 3.2.4. Terms related to Environment. 23 4. Acronyms in Water Sector 23 4.1. Common acronyms 24 4.2. Acronyms in Land acquisition and Resettlement 25 Chapter II: Popular Strategies and procedures applied in the translation of Water Sector terms into Vietnamese 27 1. Strategies applied in the translation of single terms 27 2. Strategies applied in the translation of compound terms 39 3. Difficulties encountered in the translation procedures of terms in Water Sector 35 Chapter III: APPLICATION 38 1. Strength and weakness of the thesis 38 2. Suggestion for the future research 38 PART III. CONCLUSION REFERENCE GLOSSARY
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the time taking the first lessons in Hai Phong Private University, we were just like the naive children with little knowledge of language skills and social issues. Throughout 4 years hard studying, thanks to all teachers‘ experience sharing, teaching and their whole-hearted instructions, we could gradually complete our language and soft skills, especially the precious social knowledge. First and foremost, it is an honor for me to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs. Hoang Thi Bay, whose encouragement, guidance and willingness to motivate me from the beginning to the end enabled me to complete the graduation paper. This would not have been possible without her supports. Besides, I would like to address my sincere thanks to Hai Phong Private University for providing us professional learning environment and facilities, as well as all teachers in Foreign Languages Department for giving of enthusiasm and sympathies to lift us to be the better ones as we are today. Finally, I extend my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any aspects during the completion of the graduation paper, particularly staffs of Haiphong Water Supply Company with their willingness of providing me documents, valuable information supports and offering me opportunities to approach this field, which inspired me greatly to do this graduation paper.
10. PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of study Water is one of the most essential and necessary resources to human beings. Every human daily activities relates to water. However, more than 2 billion people do not have safe supplied water, not only in Vietnam but in other countries all over the world, and thousands of people die from lack of access to clean water. Therefore, water is the most global concern, which is why we take an integrated approach to bringing safe water to the worlds poor. And water sector is a new developing industry that many nations pay attention. Demands for water resources in Viet Nam are growing rapidly. The crucial role of water in the nation‘s sustainable development, human health, and life has not always been fully appreciated. Therefore, Water sector still faces substantial challenges highlighting the urgency for the Government to complete sector reforms. Currently, there are many projects of safe water supply and water supply system in Vietnam carried out by international funding organizations and governments. These require Vietnamese‘s abilities to communicate and cooperate with foreign specialists in English, providing job opportunities to many people, especially to Foreign Languages students. Also, they are facing with difficulties of its technical terminologies that none of students in the Department has ever had chances to study at school. A number of Vietnamese working in Water Sector get troubles and are confused at the first time translating or interpreting technical terms, especially English terms related to Water Sector. Hence, it is very necessary 1
11. for me to acquire certain accumulation of linguistic and cultural knowledge in both native language and foreign languages. That is the main reason inspiring me to carry out this research. More importantly, studying this theme offers me a chance to have thorough understanding about technical translations. 2. Aims of the study The study on translation of this basic terms aims to figure out an overview on translation strategies and procedures commonly employed in translation of terminologies in Water Sector. In details, my Graduation Paper aims at: Collecting and presenting English terms in Water Sector. Providing their Vietnamese equivalents or expressions. Preliminarily analyzing translation strategies and procedures employed in the translation of these English terms into Vietnamese. Providing students majoring in the subject and those who may concern a draft and short reference of English terms in Water Sector and their corresponding Vietnamese meanings. This study is done with the hope of providing readers with overall comprehension about the information and the technical terms relating to Water Sector that helps translators being able to translate it effectively. 3. Methods of study The terms used in Water field would require a great amount of effort and time to study. However, due to limitation of time and my knowledge, my study could not cover all the aspect of this theme. I only focus the study on 2
12. translation and translation strategies in general, and contrastive analysis between specific basic Water Sector terms in English and in Vietnamese. 4. Scope of study This Graduation paper is carried out with view to help learners enlarge their vocabulary and have general understanding about translation and interpretation of Water Sector terms. All of English and Vietnamese terms in my graduation paper are collected from: HPWSCo, AECOM and ADB Consultant office‘s documents, Internet, and reference books. The data is divided into groups based on their common character, and then I carry out my research on procedures used to translate them into Vietnamese. 5. Design of study My graduation paper is divided into three parts, in which the second, naturally, is the most important part Part I is the INTRODUCTION in which reason of the study, aims of the study, scope of the study, method of the study, design of the study are presented Part II is the DEVELOPMENT that includes 3 chapters: Chapter I is Theoretical background which focuses on the definition, methods, procedures of translation in general and ESP translation, technical translation and definition of term as well as some technical terms in Water Sector. 3
13. Chapter II is an investigation on Water Sector terms and their equivalents including popular construction of its term and popular strategies applied in translating its term into Vietnamese Chapter III is APPLICATION Part III is the CONCLUSION which includes the Main findings, strength and weakness of the thesis, suggestions for further studies; Reference and Glossary 4
14. Part II. DEVELOPMENT Chapter I. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I. Translation theory 1. Definition of translation Translation has existed in every corner of our life. It is considered as an indispensable part in the field of not only literature, culture and religion but also commercial advertisement, popular entertainment, public administration, immigration and education .Thus, definitions of translation are numerous, and a great numbers of books and articles have been written about this subject. The following are some typical definitions that are basic theoretical background for this study. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a "translation," that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is called the "source text," and the language that it is to be translated into is called the "target language"; the final product is sometimes called the "target text." _Wikipedia_ Translation is a transfer process, which aims at the transformation of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the SL. _ Wilss (1982: 3) _ Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language. 5
15. _Advanced Oxford Dictionary_ Although these definitions are different in expression, they share common features that they all emphasize the importance finding the closest equivalence in meaning by the choice of appropriate target language‘s lexical and grammatical structures. Some sorts of movement from one language to another also insist on the different methods of translation which will be taken into consideration in the next part. 2. Translation methods Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, "While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81). He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation: ◊ Word-to-word translation: This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. ◊ Literal translation: The SL grammatical construction is converted to the nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. ◊ Faithful translation: A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. 6
16. ◊ Semantic translation: Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on ―meaning‖ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in finished version. ◊ Free translation: Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content with out of the form of the original. The advantage of this type of translation is that the text in TL sounds more natural. On the contrary, the disadvantage is that translating is too casual to understand the original because of its freedom. ◊ Adaption: This is the ―freest‖ form of translation. It is used mainly for plays and themes The SL culture is converted into the TL culture and is rewritten. ◊ Idiomatic translation: Idiomatic translation reproduces the ―message‖ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and the idiom where these do not exists in the original. ◊ Communicative translation: Communicative translation attempts to reader the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. Newmark (1991:10-12) writes of a continuum existing between "semantic" and "communicative" translation. Any translation can be "more, or less semantic—more, or less, communicative—even a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or less semantically." Both 7
17. seek an "equivalent effect." Zhongying (1994: 97), who prefers literal translation to free translation, writes that," in China, it is agreed by many that one should translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation." II. English for Special Purposes in translation (ESP) 1. Definition of ESP Before depicting and discussing the characteristics of language as a special language, we need to know what a special language is in general, i.e. one has to define the term ‗special language‘. Alternatively, the term ‗language for special purposes‘ is in frequent use as well. In the following, characteristic of a special language is its use by experts of a certain field or subject to communicate among each other. Therefore, elements of a group language are inherent, but it can rather be described as a mixture of a group and special language, particularly when the two main features melt together, namely its exclusiveness and its reference to a special subject matter. The focus on the issue is a criterion of delimitation which dominates much more so that the group character becomes only marginal. The debate on how to categorize special languages has developed two parties. They argue whether special languages are closed systems existing next to common language, or if they just show various deviations concerning the lexicon amongst other things. Some linguists state that it is inadequate to provide an overall definition for special languages and that it is only possible to define them within a certain field. Others describe special languages as varieties with general characteristics in which institutionalized language planning has become effective. The (guided) acquisition of a special language happens through explicit rules which need common language for their introduction, and no language practice at all. 8
18. Special languages find their origin in the eighteenth century, as they are based on the division of work. Their rapid development depends on the time when specialization in the working world found a climax; this is to regard before the background of the Industrial Revolution. The earliest special languages were only used orally, for the most part by sailors or craftsmen. With the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, however, the development of special languages as we know them today was initiated (above all technical languages and languages in the field of natural science). That means in practical, the more differentiated the working process is and the more complex technologies are, the more special languages are developed and part with the standard language. In this context, it must be mentioned that written language is typical of special scientific languages. It strives for precision and has to free itself from colloquial language, which has the existence of artificial languages as a consequence. This nonnaturalness mainly manifests itself in the use of formulas and a great quantity of termini as defined linguistic signs, since they are key components of logic, medicine or chemistry, amongst others. ESP is the abbreviation for English for Specific Purpose. It is defined in the other ways. Some people described ESP as simply being the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified. Others, however, were more precise, describing it as the teaching of English used in academic studies or the teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes. - Tony Dudley-Evans, co-editor of the ESP Journal gives an extended definition of ESP in terms of 'absolute' and 'variable' characteristics (see below). Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997) 9
19. Absolute Characteristics 1. ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners 2. ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves. 3. ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre. Variable Characteristics • ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines. • ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English • ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level • ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students. • 5. Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems 2. Types of ESP David Carter (1983) identifies three types of ESP: . English as a restricted language . English for Academic and Occupational Purposes . English with specific topics. - The language used by air traffic controllers or by waiters are examples of English as a restricted language. Mackay and Mountford (1978) clearly illustrate the difference between restricted language and language with this 10
20. statement: ― the language of international air-traffic control could be regarded as 'special', in the sense that the repertoire required by the controller is strictly limited and can be accurately determined situational, as might be the linguistic needs of a dining-room waiter or air-hostess. However, such restricted repertoires are not languages, just as a tourist phrase book is not grammar. Knowing a restricted 'language' would not allow the speaker to communicate effectively in novel situation, or in contexts outside the vocational environment (pp. 4-5). - The second type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for Academic and Occupational Purposes. In the 'Tree of ELT' (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987), ESP is broken down into three branches: a) English for Science and Technology (EST) b) English for Business and Economics (EBE) c) English for Social Studies (ESS) Each of these subject areas is further divided into two branches: English for Academic Purposes (EAP) English for Occupational Purposes (EOP). An example of EOP for the EST branch is 'English for Technicians' whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is 'English for Medical Studies'. - The third and final type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English with specific topics. Carter notes that it is only here where emphasis shifts from purpose to topic. This type of ESP is uniquely concerned with anticipated future English needs of, for example, scientists requiring English for postgraduate reading studies, attending conferences or working in foreign institutions. 11
21. According to the types of ESP above, Language in Water Sector lies in English for Science and Technology (EST). 3. Definition of Technical translation To understand the definition of Technical translation, we should understand what ―Technical terminology‖ or ―technical terms‖ means. So, Technical terminology is the specialized vocabulary of any field, not just technical fields. Within one or more fields, these terms have one or more specific meanings that are not necessarily the same as those in common use. Technical terminology exists in a continuum of formality. Precise technical terms and their definitions are formally recognised, documented, and taught by educators in the field. Other terms are more colloquial, coined and used by practitioners in the field, and are similar to slang. The boundaries between formal and slang jargon, as in general English, are quite fluids, with terms sliding in and out of recognition. As these devices became more important and the term became widely understood, the word was adopted as formal terminology. Technical terminology evolves due to the need for experts in a field to communicate with precision and brevity, but often has the effect of excluding those who are unfamiliar with the particular specialized language of the group. Technical translation: is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of documents produced by technical writers (owner's manuals, user guides, etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information. While the presence of specialized terminology is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not sufficient for classifying a text as "technical" since numerous 12
22. disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology. Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized texts and requires a high level of subject knowledge and mastery of the relevant terminology and writing conventions. The importance of consistent terminology in technical translation, for example in patents, as well as the highly formulaic and repetitive nature of technical writing makes computer-assisted translation using translation memories and terminology databases especially appropriate. In his book Technical Translation, Jody Byrne argues that technical translation is closely related to technical communication and that it can benefit from research in this and other areas such as usability and cognitive psychology. Traditionally in translation circles, researchers have only been interested in terminology but unless you‘re actually a terminologist, to reduce technical translation down to the level of a purely terminological issue is downright blinkered and misses the point completely. This approach also had the rather unfortunate effect of supporting Friedrich Schleiermacher‘s horrible claim way back in 1813 that technical translation is a mechanical activity that anyone with a grasp of two languages can do. If you ask any experienced technical translator they‘ll tell you that, more often than not, it‘s not individual terms that cause most problems, but the way those terms fit into sentences that cause the problems. To tell the truth, depending on the subject area and the language pair you are working with, specialised terminology is sometimes (though not always) the easiest part of a text to translate. In other words it‘s the things in a text that aren‘t terminology- related that pose the greatest challenges; it‘s not the cargo but the ship that needs attention. Things like register, style, set phrases, references to laws or sometimes whether certain information is appropriate for the target audience 13
23. or whether the way in which information is sequenced in instructions, for example, makes sense. Sometimes you just don‘t know what it is the original author is trying to say. That‘s what causes us problems and that‘s what we should be concerned about instead of getting undergarments in a bunch about specialised terminology. It doesn‘t matter how good our cargo of precious specialised terms is, if we‘re going to load them onto a leaky old rust bucket which will probably sink before it leaves the harbour, we‘re wasting our time. This isn‘t to say that getting specialised terminology right is not important. It simply means that we need to put it in perspective; we shouldn‘t devote too much time to it and risk neglecting other areas which are equally or even more important. 4. Language in Water Sector A language is considered to be a system of communicating with other people using sounds, symbols and words in expressing a meaning, idea or thought. Primarily there is a distinction between one language and another; usually it may be through country boundaries, population culture, demographics and history. Each country through combinations of blending cultures, environment and other factors has evolved their own unique style of a language. And the most popular language is English, which is used in many fields, such as: communicating, business, commerce, marketing ect; especially in Water Sector – a new developing sector in Vietnam. The terminologies used in Water sector are not only ones relating to water but also technology, design, environment and waste water treatment Some terms can be used with the same meaning with other fields. However, there are some special technical terms (ESP) that only make sense in the context of Water sector. Therefore, to translate these idiomatically, we should be aware of the language base and the knowledge about engineering, technology, water sector and other relevant apects. 14
24. III. Popular terms relating to Water Sector 1. Definition of English terms There are various definitions of terminology by many linguists. Herein, I would like to quote some popular definitions: In the Russian Encyclopedia (1976) terminology is defined as ―a word or a combination of words that denotes the concept precisely and its relationship with other concepts in specific area. Terminology is a specialized and restricted expression on things, phenomena, characteristics, and the relationship in a specific profession‖ Terminology is a section of special lexis of a language. It consists of fixed words and groups of words which are accurate names of concepts and subjects belonging to different specialized fields of human being. (Nguyen Thien Giap, 1981) Terms are words and compound words that are used in specific contexts. Not to be confused with "terms" in colloquial usages, the shortened form of technical terms (or terms of art) which are defined within a discipline or specific fields. ( 2. Characteristics 2.1. Systematism As a part of a language, each term has its own position in the system of concepts and belongs to a terminological system. Each term requires its meaning in the relationship with other terms in its system. Once separated 15
25. from its system and meaning in vague. Therefore, systematism is seen as one of the most important features of terminology. There is the difference in viewpoints of the characteristics of terminology among terminologists. Some say the typical characteristic of terminology is the systematic formation, whilst others claim that it is the feature of content. However, it is the combination of both content and expression form. It is impossible to separate a concept from the system to make a term but it determines its position in the system 2.2. Internationalism As mentioned above, terms are special words expressing common scientific concepts together with the development, cooperation and scientific, technological exchanges among countries throughout the world, terms are internationalized. The globalization enables terminology to be used more popularity in different languages so as to make the international science develop faster. As a result of this process, there are exists a number of terms being internationalized in different languages namely medicine (names of illness, medicine, physic, telecom ).Based on the criteria of terminology, each language may require other principles in accordance with its culture. Accordingly, terminology in Vietnamese is not an exception; it has its typical characteristics including nationalism and popularity 2.3. Nationalism The term is obviously special linguistic unit of a language used in specific profession; it clearly belongs to national language. As a result, terminology in Vietnam should be imbued with Vietnamese culture, and characteristics of Vietnamese language. They should be appropriate to Vietnamese people from the lexicology to the grammatical composition 16
26. 2.4. Popularity The characteristic of terminology itself can bring scientific and technological progress to all people. As a component of linguistics, terminology plays an important role in pushing up the development of science, hence it should be comprehensible to all people in its way of reading, writing, speaking and memorizing In summary, the general characteristics of terminology have been reviewed. They are the vital principles in the creation and existence of terminology in science and technology 3. Popular terms relating to Water Sector A single term is a word that can be found in a text in one of its different morphological forms. And a compound term is a combination of words, describing a concept built by combining two (or more) simple terms. For example, "pipe" is a single word term but "pipeline network" is a compound term. So, the following terms are divided as: 3.1. Single terms Noun – forming by the help of suffixes: ―er‖; ―or‖; ―y‖; ―tion‖ ENGLISH TERMS VIETNAMESE Anthracite Than hoạt tính Aqueduct Kênh dẫn nước Aquaculture Nuôi trồng thủy sản Outlet Ống cấp vào mạng 17
27. Sludge Bùn Drain Cống Flowmetter Đồng hồ đo lưu lượng nước Filter Bể lọc Clarifier Thiết bị lắng, bể lắng Dewater Khử nước Screener Song chắn rác Transformer Trạm biến áp Sewer Ống cống Sewage Chất thải Sewerage Hệ thống thoát nước Drainage Kênh dẫn nước Clarify Lắng tách Biofiltration Lọc sinh học Connection Đấu nối Dechlorination Khử clo Desalinization Khử mặn Leakage Rò rỉ, thất thoát 18
28. 3.2. Compound terms Terms in Water sector are majority in compound terms which are formed by joining two or more words together. It is important to be able to recognize how such compounds are formed in order to understand what they mean. Belows are the compound nouns broken down according to the meanings: 3.2.1. Terms relating to engineering designs and material Construction drawing Bản vẽ xây dựng Water fountain Đài phun nước Over flow channel Mương xả tràn Transmission main Ống truyền tải List of material Bảng thống kê vật tư Material area Bãi để vật tư Booster pump Bơm tăng áp Pipeline network Mạng lưới tuyến ống Tidal gate Cửa cống ngăn thủy triều Collector/Interceptor sewer Kênh gom nước thải 3.2.2. Technical terms of valves Valves are integral components in piping systems. They are the primary method of controlling the flow, pressure and direction of the fluid. Valves may be required to operate continuously e.g. control valves, or they may be operated intermittently e.g. isolation valves, or they may be installed to 19
29. operate rarely if ever e.g. safety valves. A valve can be an extremely simple, low cost item or it may be and extremely complicated, expensive item. In piping design the valves probably require more engineering effort than any other piping component. Adjusting valve Van điều chỉnh Back valve Van ngược Bottom discharge valve Van xả ở đáy Butterfly valve Van bướm, van tiết lưu Conical valve Van côn, van hình nón Direct valve Van xả trực tiếp Distribution valve Van phân phối Discharge valve Van xả Electro-hydraulic control valve Van điều chỉnh điện thủy lực Flap valve Van bản lề Gate valve Van cống Tube valve Van ống 3.2.3. Technical terms of tanks Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. The goal of the process is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. One such use is 20
30. returning water that has been used back into the natural environment without adverse ecological impact. Substances that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment include suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi; minerals such as iron, manganese and sulphur and man-made chemical pollutants including fertilisers. So, in water treatment technologies or processes, typical type of tanks is applied in typical parts of water treatment process, which can remove different contaminants in water. Terms belows are treatment processes using involved tanks in treating water for drinking purpose: Tanks Process Usage Vietnamese Pre- For algae control and Bể Clo hoá sơ bộ chlorination Pre-chlorination arresting any biological tank growth Along with pre- chlorination for removal of Aeration tank Aeration Bể sục khí dissolved iron and manganese Milk lime is injected at Alkalization Alkalization outlet of pre-chlorination Bể kiềm hóa tank tanks. Dosing of Coagulant Inlet and below of mixing Bể làm đông hoặc kết coagulant tank impeller tủa chemicals. Pha trộn chất đông tụ Mechanical type in mixing (phèn nhôm hoặc Mixing tank Mixing tank PAC) bằng bể trộn nhanh kiểu cơ khí trục 21
31. đứng Coagulation To improve coagulation Tạo bông bằng bể and Coagulation and and for thicker floc phản ứng kiểu cơ khí flocculation flocculation formation trục đứng tank For solids separation that is Lắng và làm trong Sedimentatio Sedimentation removal of suspended bằng bể lắng lớp n tank solids trapped in the floc mỏng Removing particles from Filter tank Filtration Bể lọc water Disinfection Disinfection For killing bacteria Bể khử trùng tank Treated water Bể chứa nước đã qua Treated water Storing treated water reservoir xử lý Other tanks: Depositing tank Bể lắng bùn Elevated tank Tháp nước, đài nước Clarifying tank Bể lắng Sewage tank Bể lắng nước thải Septic tank Bể tự hoại, hố rác tự hoại Sump tank Hố nước rác, bể hứng Supply tank Bể cấp liệu, bể cung cấp Underground storage tank Bể chứa ngầm Water-storage tank Bể trữ nước 22
32. 3.2.4. Terms related to Environment The indispensable material in water sector obviously is water. It is taken from 3 sources: ground water, surface water and raw water. Three of them are all involving environmental issue, which is the concern for not only the whole Water sector but also Vietnamese government. Environment aspect is a very important part in the operation or actions of the Sector. The following terms are not very environmental but they are technologies applied in water treatment relating to environment: Activated sludge Bùn hoạt tính Aerobic suspended-growth Quá trình xử lý sinh học hiếu khí lơ treatment process lửng Phân hủy bùn bằng phương pháp kỵ Anaerobic slude degestion khí Acid deposition Mưa axít Khử chất dinh dưỡng bằng phương Biological nutrient removal pháp sinh học Bag house Thiết bị lọc túi vải, lọc tay áo 4. Acronyms in Water Sector An acronym is a kind of abbreviation - a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase that is too long to use comfortably. For instance, Laser is an acronym of Light Amplification byStimulated Emission of Radiation. If the letters do not make a word, but are pronounced individually, as in the CIA or the BBC, it can be called initialism. Also, acronyms are easily met in 23
33. both documents and verbal communication in Water Sector to save time and space. This study will provide some of the most common accepted abbreviations using in the Water Sector. 4.1. Common acronyms Acronyms English Vietnamese CQS Consultants Qualifications Selection Lựa chọn năng lực Tư vấn DMF Design and Monitoring Framework Phạm vi thiết kế và giám sát EFS Engineering Feasibility Study Nghiên cứu kỹ thuật khả thi EIA Environmental Impact Assessment Đánh giá tác động môi trường HDPE High Density Polyethylene Polyethylene tỷ trọng cao HH Household Hộ gia đình Công ty TNHH một thành viên HPWSCo Hai Phong Water Supply One Company Cấp nước Hải Phòng Lpcd liter per capita per day Lit trên đầu người trên ngày MIS Management Information System Hệ thống thông tin quản lý O&M Operation and Maintenance Vận hành và bảo dưỡng Khu vực có thể hưởng lợi từ dự PBRA Project Benefits Reachable Area án PCCP Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Ống bê tông dự ứng lực PMU Project Management Unit Ban quản lý dự án PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Hỗ trợ kỹ thuật lập dự án 24
34. PS Pumping Station Trạm bơm RIA Road Influence Area Khu vực đường bị ảnh hưởng RUPHW Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project of Dự án Cải tạo và Nâng cấp hệ SS Haiphong Water Supply System thống Cấp nước Hải Phòng SEPP Soil Erosion Prevention Plan Kế hoạch ngăn chặn xói mòn đất UFW Unaccounted-for-water Nước không được hạch toán VOC Vehicle Operating Cost Chi phí vận hành phương tiện WS Water Supply Cấp nước WTP Water Treatment Plant Nhà máy nước WWT Wastewater Treatment Nhà máy xử lý nước thải 4.2. Acronyms in Land acquisition and Resettlement Acrony Full form Vietnamese ms AH Affected household Hộ gia đình bị ảnh hưởng AP Affected Person Đối tượng chịu tác động C&P Consultation and participation Tham vấn CPC Commune Peoples‘ Committee Ủy ban Nhân dân Xã Compensation and resettlement CRC Ban đền bù và tái định cư committee DMS Detailed measurement survey Khảo sát đo đạc chi tiết DPC District Peoples‘ Committee Ủy ban nhân dân quận, huyện EA Executing agency Cơ quan triển khai 25
35. FGD Focus group discussion Thảo luận nhóm tập trung IOL Inventory of losses Kiểm kê các khoản lỗ LA Land Acquisition Thu hồi đất Land Acquisition and LAR Thu hồi đất và tái định cư Resettlement LCA Least-cost analysis Phân tích chi phí tối thiểu PPC Provincial Peoples‘ Committee1 Ủy ban Nhân dân Tỉnh, thành phố RIB Resettlement Information Booklet Số tay thông tin tái định cư RP Resettlement plan Kế hoạch tái định cư SES Socio-economic survey Nghiên cứu kinh tế xã hội SIA Social Impact Assessment Đánh giá tác động xã hội VaW Violence Against Women Bạo lực chống lại phụ nữ 26
36. Chapter II: Popular Strategies and procedures applied in the translation of Water Sector terms into Vietnamese 1. Strategies applied in the translation of single terms 1.1. Translating by a more specific word In some cases, it may be appropriate or necessary to use a more specific word to translate the single terms into Vietnamese. This usually involves choosing among several different words, as there may be many Vietnamese words that correspond to the general category or meaning expressed by English terms. For instance, the term ―clarify‖ generally means to make (an idea, statement) clear or intelligible, to free from ambiguity or to remove solid matter from (a liquid) and to free (the mind, intelligence, etc.) from confusion. Yet, it is translated in terms of Water Sector to be ―Lắng tách‖ – a technology of Water treatment. Similarity, the term for ―flowmetter‖ can be translated by different Vietnamese words, such as ―lưu lượng kế‖ or ―lưu tốc kế‖. However, it should be understood of the metter for measuring the water flow. Therefore, the Vietnamese term for it must be ―đồng hồ đo lưu lượng nước‖ or ―đồng hồ đo lưu lượng dòng chảy‖. As same as these terms above, ―curb‖ or ―kerb‖ in American English is another example of this strategy. Its meaning could not be looked up in general dictionaries but technical ones. ―Kerb‖ in Wikipedia‘s definition is the edge where a raised pavement/sidewalk/footpath, road median, road shoulder meets an unraised street or other roadway; or a concrete border or row of joined stones forming part of a gutter along the edge of a street. These cannot help translators with little technical knowledge and vocabulary imagining and defining what the exact meaning of ―kerb‖ is. Please take a look on the pictures below: 27
37. (1) (2) 28
38. Picture (1) is the kerb in general understanding but picture (2) is itself the term using in Water Sector. In other word, it is a V-shaped channel along the pavement for discharging rain water, and the term in Vietnamese is ―cống hàm ếch‖ 1.2. Translating by a more general word In other cases, it may be appropriate to use a more general word to translate single terms. As in SL, sometimes they omit the nominal words that go together with the terms because they do not have to mention that word but other people still understand the meaning. For examples, in the word ―filter‖, it is impossible for the translator to translate the exact meaning of ―Bể lọc‖ without understanding that the word ―tank‖ has been omitted. Also in the word ―outlet‖, translator should be aware that the word ―pipe‖ must be omitted. So that, if he wants to translate it correctly, it is unspoken to know that the terminology should be ―outlet pipe‖, which means ―Ống cấp vào mạng‖. So, in Vietnamese, the term ―Ống cấp vào mạng‖ was translated by a more general word. English Vietnamese Basin Bể chứa Transformer Trạm biến áp Pre-chlorination Clo hóa sơ bộ 2. Strategies applied in the translation of compound terms 2.1. Shift or transposition translation Shift translation is one of the most popular strategies applied in translation of the compound terms. Transposition is a translation procedure involving a 29
39. change in the grammar from SL to TL. The change in the word order is named ―Automatic translation‖, and offers translators no choice. Thus, the compound ―Discharge valve‖ is translated as ―van xả‖. It is clear that the position between two nouns has changed when it is translated into Vietnamese. The other term ‗Septic tank‖ is known as ―Bể tự hoại‖ in Vietnamese. There is also change in the order of these words, in English, the word ―Septic‖ stands before and modifies the noun ―Tank‖, however, when it is translated into Vietnamese, the word ―Septic‖ comes after the noun. Another example is ―physical work‖ or sometimes ―civil work‖ – a very common term in the Sector. These terms are very difficult for a green translator to find the exact meaning. As you can see, ―physical‖ itself is an adjective with the meaning of pertaining to the body; to which is material; or to the physical sciences, such as physics etc. If translating it based on the order, ―vật lý công việc‖ is so ridiculous. Or else, it could be translated as ―công việc mang tính chất vật lý‖ by guess. However, this does not make sense, and nobody knows what that work is. Another way of understanding is ―công việc thuộc về vật chất‖ or ―công việc mang tính hữu hình‖. Yet, none of them are correct in the context of Water sector. The suggestion answer should be ―công tác xây dựng‖. Looking at these terms, it is realizable that automatic shift is applied in translating flexibly, and all words in these terms are naturally converted from English into Vietnamese without adding any expression. Thank for automatic shift strategy application, translators can feel more simple and unconfused when dealing with some redundant or additional words during the translation process of these terms Belows are some examples for this translation strategy: 30
40. Activated carbon Than hoạt tính Activated sludge Bùn hoạt tính Acid deposition Mưa axít Bar rack Song chắn rác Pumping Station Trạm bơm Reinforced Concrete Bê tông cốt thép Entire Project Area Toàn bộ khu vực dự án Environmental Management Plan Kế hoạch quản lý môi trường Detailed measurement survey Khảo sát đo đạc chi tiết Land acquisition Thu hồi đất Another case of this strategy is called ―Rank-shift translation‖. In this case, the TL adds or omits word comparing with the SL. For instance, in the compound term ―Consultation and participation‖: Consultation and participation Tham vấn (transposition) Noun + conjunction+ noun Verb As we can see, in SL, ―Consultation and participation‖ is composed by two nouns and a conjunction, but the two nouns become Verb as this term is translated into TL. There is also an omission in Vietnamese translation, for ―Consultation and participation‖ should be translated as ―tư vấn và tham gia‖ in Vietnamese. In similarity with ―consultation and participation‖, the term ―water treatment plant‖ is translated as ―Nhà máy nước‖, instead of ―nhà máy xử lý nước‖. So, ―treatment‖ herein is omitted in Vietnamese 31
41. translation. Therefore, by the way of changing in grammar of the word from SL to TL, translator can make his work become more sufficient and standard. 2.2. Translation by paraphrase using related word This strategy tends to be used when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized in the target language but in a different form, and when the frequency with which a certain form is used in the source text is significantly higher than would be natural in TL. SL ―Consultants Qualifications seclection‖, for instance, is known as ―lựa chọn năng lực tư vấn‖ in TL, Taking consideration of the word ―qualifications‖, its meaning is normally ―chất lượng‖ in Vietnamese. However, it is not translated like that in Water Sector. Hence, if this term is transferred word by word from English into Vietnamese, translation result may become more redundant. In order to avoid poorly in translation, related word are used in transference in case of this term. Source language Target language Ductile Iron Cement Lined Ống gang lót lớp xi măng Non-timber forest products Các sản phẩm phi gỗ Non-revenue water Nước thất thoát, nước không hóa đơn Interceptor manhole Miệng cống kiểu xifông 2.3. Translation by using loan word - loan word plus explanation This strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items, modern concept and buzzwords. Using loan word is dramatically strong 32
42. method applied for the word which have foreign origin or have no equivalence in TL. Taking following example: English Vietnamese TOR (Terms of Reference) TOR (Đề cương nhiệm vụ) SCANDAR (Hệ thống kiểm soát /giám sát SCANDAR từ xa) UFW (Unaccounted-for-water) UFW (Nước không được hạch toán) NRW (non-revenue water) NRW (nước thất thoát) O&M (Operation&Maintanance) O&M (vận hành và bảo dưỡng) ADB ADB (Ngân hàng phát triển châu Á) LIBOR (lãi suất LIBOR tính LIBOR rate theo ngân hàng Luân Đôn) ICB (International Competitive ICB (Đấu thầu quốc tế cạnh tranh) Bidding) AusAID (Cơ quan phát trỉển quốc tế của AusAID Úc) It can be seen from this illustration that the term is represented by using the first letter of words, in English, it is known as ―acronym‖- ―LIBOR‖ is often used as a loan word in Vietnamese, not because it has no equivalent but because it is a term widely and popularly used in international transactions. 2.4. Translation by phrasing Addition phrasing is the translation in which additional information is supplied in a TL in order to help the reader understand it exactly. For example the term ―Anaearobic sludge degestion” can be translated into ―Phân hủy 33
43. bùn kỵ khí‖, but if it is translated as ―phân hủy bùn bằng phương pháp kị khí‖ it will be more clearly. Please take a look on the picture below and its explaination: Figure 1. Principle of direct tapping with a saddle from the main line. This is the method of connecting new house connections to the existing water mains and to large service pipes done by adopting tapping method procedure and connections can be done under pressure. By this way doing, water supply interruptions can be minimised. However, it is translated into Vietnamese as: Hình 1. Nguyên tắc khoan ống khi sử dụng côliê tiêu chuẩn 34
44. Probably, many readers will be confused with the concept of ―côliê‖ and wonder what it is, technical engineers find it easy for them to understand because they know about it clearly enough, perhaps better than:‖ Nguyên tắc khoan ống nước trực tiếp bằng rèn vòng kẹp‖ – a literally translated term in Vietnamese. Here are some other terms applied this strategy: English Vietnamese Khử chất dinh dưỡng bằng phương pháp Biological nutrient removal sinh học Aerosol and Sol Hỗn hợp lỏng và khí trong môi trường khí Aerobic attached-growth Quá trình xử lý sinh học hiếu khi lơ lừng treatment process Scouring pipe Ống cấp gió rửa lọc Grade Cấp độ chất lượng sản phẩm 3. Difficulties encountered in the translation procedures of terms in Water Sector It is very hard and complicated to translate technical documents in Water Sector that only specialists could understand the meaning of terms. In order to gain a comparatively good translation skill, it is necessary to court, to collect specialist documents and information, and then learners may start the process of translating term from English into Vietnamese. Personally, during the time translating those documents, I have met many difficuties encountered in the translation procedures. The first difficuty is misunderstanding – a very common situation to many translator. I had problems of misunderstanding 35
45. between the meaning of general English words and specific terms or among the fields. The second one is that I lack of practice information about this field. Also, many terms could not be found in dictionary. So, it is really not easy to translate it equivalently into Vietnamese or vice versa. On the other hand, I also met difficulties in translating terms of drainage system. There are some different terms but same layer of meaning, such as: sewer, sewage, sewerage, wastewater, drain, drainage Some words are derivations of each other, but sometimes can be understood with the meaning of ―thoát nước‖ or ―nước thải‖. So, green translators at the first time dealing with these terms will be unavoidably confused. Let‘s take this sentence as example: Eg: Septage arising from the desludging of septic tanks is transported to a site located adjacent to the existing sanitary landfil. It is so difficult to look up the meaning of ―Septage‖ in this sentence, particularly difficult for any translator at the first time dealing with this term. The definition of ―septage‖ is the partially treated waste store in a septic tank. It is generally split into three parts in a septic tank. . Scum: which floats to the top and is generally where the bacteria live that treat the waste. . Effluent: which is the semi-treated liquid that comprises the majority of the material in the septic tank . Sludge: the solids which collect at the bottom of the tank Septage waste is periodically removed (with a frequency depending on tank capacity, system efficiency, and usage level, but typically less often than annually) from these septage tanks by specialized vehicles known as septage, 36
46. pumper, or ―Honey‖ trucks. They pump the septage out of the tank, and transport it to a treatment facility. Therefore, based on the definition above and the context of Water sector, the suggested translation is: → Rác thải phát sinh từ việc hút bể phốt được vận chuyển tới khu đất cạnh bãi rác Tràng Cát. Another example, as in the compounding ―Sewerage and sewage treatment‖, I was very confused with choosing the appropriate meaning when translating ―sewerage‖ and ―sewage‖ seperately because they have the same layer of meaning. So, what is the difference between ―sewage‖ and ―sewerage‖? According to their their definition, ―sewage‖ is the waste matter carried off by sewer drains and pipes. Sewerage refers to the physical facilities (e.g., pipes, lift stations, and treatment and disposal facilities) through which sewage flows. Basing on this, ―Sewerage and sewage treatment‖ is translated as ―Thoát nước và xử lý nước thải‖. Moreover, only translating the name of Hai Phong Sewage and Drainage Company can brings troubles to translator if he does not know about that company. He will tend to translate the whole term of ―sewage and drainage‖ without any word omission. I faced this too. Then I was very surprised to discover that its name is so differernt as what I have translated. Hai Phong Sewage and Drainage Company (or HPSADCO) is the English name of ―Công ty Thoát nước Hải Phòng‖. 37
47. Chapter III: APPLICATION 1. Strength and weakness of the thesis As Water sector is not very popular to people so far, particularly to any students of Foreign Languages Department, this graduation paper is an overview and general information about the English terms using in the Sector, with relavant examples. So, it is organized in a way that helps readers find it easy to get general ideas about it. On the other hand, this has some limitations that may affect the final results. Firstly, due to the limited time of doing the research, the paper only reaches the basic terms of Water Sector often met in the documents and on some popular strategies applied in translating these terms. Moreover, some terms in the study are not all analysised in particular context or at a deeper level. Hence, the analysis can hardly provide a comprehensive approach to the issue. Secondly, mistakes and shortcomings in this graduation paper are unavoidable due to my limitation of time and knowledge. Therefore, I‘m always willing to receive the contributions, advices and sympathies from teachers and readers to make my graduation paper much better. Finally, a part of terms selected for analysis are somewhat not updated, which might affect comprehensiveness of the study in terms of translation quality. 2. Suggestion for the further research and final comments The Water Sector has developed so fast and it is becoming increasingly important; A lot of Foreign investors care and concern about this. So, it requires translations of high quality, not only translating but also interpreting. Therefore, more studies should be carried out so that translating the documents becomes easier. These studies should touch up on translation from different perspectives, especially the impacts of the translations on their readers because it is the readers that are the final and most important assessors of translations. 38
48. In conclusion, I would like to contribute to the study of English-Vietnamese translations in universities and on the media this thesis. In my opinion, it can be considered a companion of all people who are seeking to improve their English- Vietnamese transition skills as well as the quality of their translations. Hopefully, readers of this thesis can find it useful in their future work and study or at least see it as a reference worth looking at. 39
49. PART III: CONCLUSION The world is becoming smaller and smaller as the systems of communication and information are developing and getting more and more sophisticated. It is undergoing complex changes in different areas such as business, education, economy, technology and some infrastructural sectors, particullarly in Water Sector. In the process of such a rapid exchange of information and for the purpose of improving cultural contacts, one thing is inevitable, and that is "translating". According to Shahvali (1997), theoretical knowledge and practical skills alone are not adequate to prepare students to face the developments in the field. There is a need for ability to adapt, a good command of language and the flexibility in transforming the SL into TL; therefore, it is necessary to focus on students' self-updating and to develop their relevant mental, communicative, and planning skills. Thus, translating process requires a lot of efforts and practice everyday. My topic for the graduation paper is ―A study on translation of English terminologies related to Water Sector‖, which I was inspired and have longed for a long time due to my experience in the Sector. This study aims at analysis of translation strategies or procedures of English terms in Water Sector through 3 main parts of the study. The first, this provides general information about the paper, as well as an overview on translation theory and a list of some popular terms used in the Sector. Instead of listing the terms according to their word formation, the compound terms in the study are listed basing on the meaning. They are divided into 4 groups: environment, engineering design & material, valves and tanks. These 4 groups are the most important aspects belonging to Water Sector. 40
50. The second, after listing those terms, it reviews and analyses some popular strategies with relevant examples applied in translating the terminologies in Water sector so that readers can get to know the procedures of translattion. For example, in the strategy of single term translation, according to Wikipedia‘s or general definition, people will only understand that ―kerb‖ is the concrete border along the pavement. However, it is, in the context of Water Sector, a V-shaped channel or an open channel along the pavement. So, as in strategy of translating by a more specific word, it should be ―cống hàm ếch‖ in Vietnamese. The third, the study explains many problems I have met and found it much difficult not only for me but also translators/interpretors working in this field, during the time translating the documents. So, the question is: what skills are needed to promote translating ability? And how can one solve the problems or difficulties meeting with in translation process to be a better translator / interpretors in Water Sector? These questions suggest for further research in the future, which requires more of our attention, time and efforts. Finally, due to the limitation of time and knowledge, mistakes are unavoidable in this paper. All remarks, contribution are deeply welcome and highly appreciated. In conclusion, this graduation paper is for contribution to the study of English- Vietnamese translation in HPU only. They do not have any connection to commercial activities or violate to IPR. Those, who find its law-broken concerns, please keep us informed. Other sstudents, studying in Hai Phong Private University, consider the paper as a material for study purposes can wish their manifold of copies. Hopefully, 41
51. the readers of this thesis can find it useful and meaningful in their future work and study or at least see it as a reference worth reading. A last word to say, throughout 4 years studying in HPU, we are now more confident in ourselves and are more well-equiped and knowledgable. I am myself so proud of being a student graduating from Foreign Languages Department in HPU, where I have been growing up. I will try my best to prove that the efforts of every teachers teaching me here are meaningful and not worthless. Once again, I would like to send my sincere thanks to all who always stand beside me on the way to the bright future, for their precious supports and instruction. 42
52. REFERENCE 1. AECOM Asia Co, LTd. (2010), TA7151-VIE: Interim Report & Draft Final Report of Hai Phong Water Supply Project. HPWSCo, ADB. 2. David Gordon, (1985). Translation theory. FBA Guidelines, Basic Principles and Procedures for translation. 3. Hewings, M. (1999). Advanced Grammar in Use: A self-study reference and practice book for advanced learners of English. Cambridge: CUP. 4. Kristen Gate House, Key Issues in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) Curriculum Development. 5. Lê, H.T. (2006). Lý thuyết và thực tiễn dịch thuật Anh-Việt: Một số vấn đề về lý luận và phương pháp căn bản. (Theory and practice of English – Vietnamese translation: Issues on arguments and basic methods). Sciencetific research at Vietnam national University‘s level. 6. Melis, N.M & Albir, A.H. (2001). Assesment in translation studies: Research Needs. From Neubert, A & Shreve, GM. (1992). Translation as Text. Kent, Ohio & London, England: The Kent State University Press. 7. Newmark, P. (1995). A text book of translation. New York: Prentice - Hall International. 8. Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (2003). A practical English Grammar (Fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9. VCCorp EconTech (2007), ProDic™, Technical Dictionary. Internet Source: 43
53. APPENDIX Common Acronyms in Water Sector Abbrev English Vietnamese Lượng xe ngày đêm trung bình AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic trong năm\ ADB Asian Development Bank Ngân hàng phát triển Châu Á Chi phí kinh tế gia tăng trung AIEC Average Incremental Economic Cost bình ANOVA Analysis Of Variance Phân tích biến động AP Affected Person Đối tượng chịu tác động Australian Agency for International Cơ quan phát triển quốc tế của AusAID Development Úc CQS Consultants Qualifications Selection Lựa chọn năng lực Tư vấn Chiến lược và chương trình CSP Country Strategy and Program quốc gia CV Contingent Valuation Đánh giá ngẫu nhiên Phương pháp đánh giá ngẫn CVM Contingent Valuation Method nhiên Danish International Development Hỗ trợ phát triển quốc tế của Danida Assistance Đan Mạch DFR Draft final report Sơ thảo báo cáo cuối kỳ DI Ductile Iron Gang dẻo DICL Ductile Iron Cement Lined Gang dẻo tráng vữa xi măng DMF Design and Monitoring Framework Phạm vi thiết kế và giám sát DSCR Debt-service coverage ratio Hệ số năng lực trả nợ DRC Development and Reform Commission Uỷ ban phát triển và cải cách 44
54. EA Executing Agency Cơ quan thực hiện EDR Equalizing Discount Rate Tỷ lệ chiết khấu cân bằng EFS Engineering Feasibility Study Nghiên cứu kỹ thuật khả thi EIA Environmental Impact Assessment Đánh giá tác động môi trường EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return Tỷ suất hoàn vốn kinh tế nội bộ EMAB Ethnic Minority Affairs Bureau Cục các vấn đề dân tộc thiểu số Ethnic Minorities Development Phạm vi phát triển các dân tộc EMDF Framework thiểu số Chương trình phát triển các dân EMDP Ethnic Minorities Development Plan tộc thiểu số EMP Environmental Management Plan Kế hoạch quản lý môi trường EOCC Economic Opportunity Cost of Capital Chi phí cơ hội kinh tế của vốn EPA Entire Project Area Toàn bộ khu vực dự án EPB Environmental Protection Bureau Cơ quan bảo vệ môi trường ERD Economics and Research Department Phòng kinh tế và nghiên cứu FGD Focus group discussion Thảo luận nhóm tập trung FIA Financial Impact Assessment Đánh giá tác động tài chính Tỷ lệ suất hoàn vốn tài chính nội FIRR Financial internal rate of return bộ FMA Financial Management Assessment Đánh giá quản lý tài chính Financial Management Assessment Bảng hỏi đánh giá quản lý tài FMAQ Questionnaire chính FRP Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Nhựa sợi thuỷ tinh FSR Feasibility Study Report Báo cáo nghiên cứu khả thi FYP Five-Year Plan Kế hoạch 5 năm GHG Greenhouse Gas Khí nhà kính GoV Government of Vietnam Chính phủ Việt Nam GRP Glass-reinforced Plastic Nhựa thuỷ tinh 45
55. HDPE High Density Polyethylene Polyethylene tỷ trọng cao HH Household Hộ gia đình Công ty TNHH một thành viên HPWSCo Hai Phong Water Supply One Company Cấp nước Hải Phòng RUPHW Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project of Dự án Cải tạo và Nâng cấp hệ SS Haiphong Water Supply System thống Cấp nước Hải Phòng IA Implementation Agency Cơ quan triển khai ICB International Competitive Bidding Đấu thầu quốc tế cạnh tranh information, education and Thông tin, giáo dục và truyền IEC communication thông IEE Initial Environmental Examination Khảo sát môi trường ban đầu IFO International Financing Organization Tổ chức cấp vốn quốc tế IP Indigenous Peoples Các nhóm dân bản địa IPA Immediate Project Area Khu vực lân cận dự án Đánh giá xã hội và nghèo đói IPSA Initial Social and Poverty Assessment ban đầu IRR Internal Rate of Return Tỷ suất hoàn vốn nội bộ Japanese Bank for International Ngân hàng hợp tác quốc tế Nhật JBIC Cooperation Bản Japanese International Cooperation Cơ quan hợp tác quốc tế Nhật JICA Agency Bản LCB Local competitive bidding Đấu thầu cạnh tranh trong nước LCS Least-cost selection Lựa chọn chi phí thấp nhất LDI Local design institute Cơ quan thiết kế địa phương LIBOR London interbank offered rate Lãi suất LIBOR Lpcd liter per capita per day Lit trên đầu người trên ngày M&E Metcalf & Eddy Ltd Metcalf & Eddy Ltd MDG Millennium Development Goals Mục tiêu phát triển thiên niên kỷ 46
56. MEP Ministry of Environmental Protection Bộ Môi trường MIS Management Information System Hệ thống thông tin quản lý MLG Minimum living guarantee Đảm bảo mức sống tối thiểu MoC Ministry of Construction Bộ xây dựng MoET Ministry of Education and Training Bộ giáo dục và đào tạo MoF Ministry of Finance Bộ Tài chính MoH Ministry of Health Bộ y tế Ministry of Natural Resources and MoNRE Bộ tài nguyên và môi trường Environment MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment Bộ kế hoạch và đầu tư MSL Minimum Standard of Living Mức sống tối thiểu NBS National Bureau of Statistics Cục thống kê quốc gia NCB National Competitive Bidding Đấu thầu cạnh tranh trong nước National Development and Reform Uỷ ban phát triển và cải cách NDRC Commission quốc gia NGO Non-governmental Organization Tổ chức phi chính phủ NPV Net Present Value Hiện giá ròng NTFP Non-timber forest products Các sản phẩm phi gỗ OD Origin-destination Nguồn – đích O&M Operation and Maintenance Vận hành và bảo dưỡng PAC Polyaluminium chloride Phèn nhôm Khu vực có thể hưởng lợi từ dự PBRA Project Benefits Reachable Area án PCCP Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Ống bê tông dự ứng lực PCU/D Passenger car units per day Đơn vị xe chở khách trên ngày PLG Project Leading Group Ban chỉ đạo thực hiện dự án PMU Project Management Unit Ban quản lý dự án PPMS Project Performance Management Hệ thống quản lý hoạt động của 47
57. System dự án PPP Purchasing power parity Cân băng sức mua Project Preparatory Technical PPTA Hỗ trợ kỹ thuật lập dự án Assistance PS Pumping Station Trạm bơm PSA Poverty and Social Assessment Đánh giá xã hội và nghèo đói PSP Private Sector Participation Sự tham gia của khối tư nhân Lựa chọn trên cơ sở chất lượng QCBS Quality Cost Based Selection – chi phí RC Reinforced Concrete Bê tông cốt thép RIA Road Influence Area Khu vực đường bị ảnh hưởng Report and Recommendation of the Báo cáo và kiến nghị của Chủ RRP President tịch SAP Social action plan Kế hoạch hành động xã hội Summary Environmental Impact Đánh giá tác động môi trường SEIA Assessment tóm tắt Cơ quan bảo vệ môi trường SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency quốc gia Kế hoạch ngăn chặn xói mòn SEPP Soil Erosion Prevention Plan đất SIA Social Impact Assessment Đánh giá tác động xã hội Summary Poverty Reduction and Social Tóm tắt chiến lược xã hội và SPRSS Strategy xoá đói giảm nghèo TA Technical Assistance Hỗ trợ kỹ thuật TOR Terms of Reference Đề cương nhiệm vụ UFW Unaccounted-for-water Nước không được hạch toán VOC Vehicle Operating Cost Chi phí vận hành phương tiện WB World Bank Ngân hàng thế giới 48
58. WS Water Supply Cấp nước WTP Water Treatment Plant Nhà máy nước WWT Wastewater Treatment Nhà máy xử lý nước thải 49
59. GLOSSARY MỘT SỐ THUẬT NGỮ TIẾNG ANH THƯỜNG DÙNG TRONG BẢN VẼ KỸ THUẬT NGÀNH NƯỚC. Bãi để vật liệu: Material Area Bản vẽ số : Drawing No Bản vẽ xây dựng: Contruction Drawing Bảng thống kê vật tư: List of Material Bích nhựa rỗng: Combiflange for UPVC Bích rỗng: Steel Flange Bình clo: Chlorine drum Bộ xử lý phát hiện rò rỉ Clo: Microprocessor _base_d gas warning system Bơm chìm thoát nước rò rỉ: Sump pump for sludge water Bơm chìm: Submersible pump Bơm định lượng: Dosing Pump Bơm kỹ thuật: Booters pump Bơm nước vào mạng: Treated water pump Bơm thu hồi nước thải: Clear water pump Bu gang BU: Flange spigot pipe Bu lông: Bolt Buồng chứa ống: Filter pipes gallery Cái: Piece Cân lò xo loại 500 – 2000 kg: Spring balance for craines 500 – 2000kg Chủ đầu tư:Owner Chủ trì: Team Leader Clo hoạt tính: Activited Chlorine Cơ quan điều hành: Executing Agency Còi báo động: Signal horn Côn: Reducer Cửa thông sang bể chứa: Gate connection to resorvoir Cút thép mạ kẽm: Galvanize Steel bend Cút thép: Steel bend Đài nước: Water tower Đất tự nhiên: Natural soil Đèn báo động: Flash – light Đơn vị: Unit Đường ống kỹ thuật: Technical pipes Duyệt: Approved 50
60. Ecu: Nut Ejector: Injector Hố van đồng hồ: Flowmetter Họng tưới nước: Outlet Refer Hợp đồng số: Contract No Kiểm tra: Checker Lá chắn thép: Penetration Plate Lá chắn thép: Steel Plate Máng thu nước răng cưa: Water collection cog-channel Mặt bằng cụm xử lý nước: Plan of water treatment Modul Mặt bằng ngăn phản ứng và bể chứa nước sạch: Plan of Contact tank and treated water resovoir Mặt bằng tổng thể trạm xử lý: General layout of Water treatment plan. Mặt cắt: Section Mặt đứng: Façade Máy khuấy trộn vôi: Mixer for lime slurry Mối nối mềm: Flexible coupling Mương xả tràn: Over flow Channel Neo ống: Anchor pipe Nhà bảo vệ: Guard House Nhà điều hành: Coltrol Building Nhà hóa chất: Chemical House Nhà thầu: Contracter Nhà xưởng: Workshop Nối kép: Galvanize Steel Adapter Nối thẳng: Straight Fitting Nối với mạng: Connect to network Ống cấp gió rửa lọc: Scouring Pipe Ống cấp nước trở lại khu xử lý: Return waste water to water treatment block Ống cấp vào mạng: Outlet Ống dẫn bùn từ bể lắng, lọc sang bể chứa bùn: Sludge disposal pipelines from sedimeniation and Filters to sluge lagoon Ống dẫn Clo: Clo/Chlorine pipeline Ống dẫn nước rửa lọc: Backwashed Pipeline Ống dẫn nước thô: Raw water Pipeline Ống dẫn nước thu hồi: Return waste water pipe Ống dẫn phèn: Alum pipeline Ống dẫn vôi: Lime Pipeline Ống dịch vụ: Service Pipeline 51
61. Ống nhựa mềm: PE Pipe Ống nhựa: UPVC pipe Ống thép không rỉ: Stainless steel pipe Ống thép thông hơi: Steel pipe air Ống vào: Inlet Ống xả cặn bể lắng: Sludge discharge pipelines Ống xả kiệt: Drain Pipe Ống xả tràn: Over Flow Quần áo bảo hộ và mặt nạ phòng độc: Stand – alone body and eye shower Quạt hút gió: Exhauster Fan Ren ngoài : Male Screw Sàn công tác: Working Platform Sensor phát hiện khí clo: Chlorine gas sensor Sơ đồ cao trình thủy lực: Hydraulic Profile Số lượng: Quanity Số thứ tự: No Tê thép: Steel Tee Tên vật tư – quy cách: Specification types of materiala Thép tấm không rỉ: Stainless steel panel Thiết bị báo khí rò rỉ khí clo: Safety System gasdetect Thiết bị điều chỉnh chân không: Vacuum regulator with liqid Chlorine trap Thiết bị điều chỉnh định lượng bằng tay: Dosing unit with manual rate valve Thiết bị nâng: Lift device Thiết bị trộn tĩnh: Static Mixer Thiết kế: Designer Thùng thép không rỉ trộn vôi: Stainless steel tank for Lime Slurry Trạc ba bằng nhựa: Strainers Upvc Trắc dọc tuyến ống cấp nước rửa lọc: Longitudinal Profile Of backwashed water pipe Trắc dọc tuyến ống cấp nước sạch: Longitudinal Profile Of treated water pipe Trắc dọc: Longitudinal Profile Trạm biến áp: Transfomer Trạm bơm cấp 2: Pumping station Trạm bơm nước thô: Raw water intake Van bi bằng thép không rỉ (nối ren): Ball valves Stainless steel (fermale screwed connection) Van bướm hai chiều: Buttefly Valve Van bướm một chiều: CheckValve Van phao: Floating valve 52
62. Zoăng cao su: Rubber ring 53
63. Một sô thuật ngữ Anh Việt Môi trường Absorption (n): hấp thụ Accident n Tai nạn acid deposition. mưa axit acid rain mưa axit act (n): luật Activated carbon than hoạt tính Activated sludge Bùn hoạt tính Adsorption n hấp phụ Aerobic attached-growth treatment process: Quá trình xử lý sinh học hiếu khí dính bám Aerobic suspended-growth treatment process: Quá trình xử lý sinh học hiếu khí lơ lửng Aerosol n Sol khí - hỗn hợp lỏng và khí trong môi trường khí. Agriculture n nông nghiệp air n không khí air conditioning np điều hoà không khí Air pollution control kiểm soát ô nhiễm khí alkaline. n kiềm. alkalinity n độ kiềm ambient a xung quanh Anaearobic sludge degestion Phân hủy bùn = pp kỵ khí Anaerobic a kỵ khí Applied Sciences khoa học ứng dụng aquaculture n nuôi trồng thuỷ sản aquatic a nước aqueduct n kênh dẫn nước artificial a nhân tạo ash n tro Atmospheric a khí quyển Atomic energy np năng lượng nguyên tử Bag house np thiết bị lọc túi vải, lọc tay áo Bar rack n Song chắn rác Basin n bể pond, tank, Baterium n bacterium, bacteria (pl) (n): vi khuẩn Biodiversity n đa dạng sinh học Biofiltration n lọc sinh học Biological a Biological nutrient removal np khử chất dinh dưỡng bằng phương pháp sinh học 54
64. Biology n sinh học Boiler n Lò đốt burn v cháy Characteristics n Tính chất Characterization n đặc tính Chemical a hoá học chemistry n chemistry (n). Chemical (a) - hoá học clarifier n thiết bị lắng, bể lắng Clarify v lắng tách Classification n phân loại Classify v phân loại clay n đất sét Collect v Thu gom Combust v đốt composition n thành phần Composting n chế biến thành phân bón condensation n ngưng tụ condense v ngưng tụ Conservation n tiết kiệm Constituent n Thành phần contaminant chất ô nhiễm Control v,n kiểm soát Conversion n chuyển hoá convey v vận chuyển Conveyance n vận chuyển Cyclone separator Tách bụi bằng xyclon dangerous a nguy hiểm Dechlorination n khử clo Deep-well injection np Phun vào giếng sâu Desalinization n khử mặn Dewater v khử nước discharge v thải bỏ Disinfection n khử trùng Disposal n thải bỏ Domestic waste np chất thải sinh hoạt Drainage kênh dẫn nước, ống cống sewer Dust n bụi participate 55
65. Thuật ngữ anh Việt của một số loại bể (Tank) auxiliaty tank : bình phụ; thùng phụ catch tank : bình xả charging tank : bình nạp clarifying tank : bể lắng, bể thanh lọc collecting tank : bình góp, bình thu compartmented tank : bình chứa nhiều ngăn, thùng nhiều ngăn depositing tank : bể lắng bùn destritus tank : bể tự hoại digestion tank : bể tự hoại dip tank : bể nhúng (để xử lý) dosing tank : thùng định lượng elevated tank : tháp nước, đài nước emergency tank : bình dự trữ; bể dự trữ cấp cứu exhaust tank : thùng xả, thùng thải; ống xả expansion tank : bình giảm áp; thùng giảm áp feed tank : thùng tiếp liệu; bình tiếp liệu Gravity Filter: Bể lọc nhanh trọng lực Filter: Bể lọc Flocculation tank: Bể phản ứng vách ngăn Sludge lagoon: Bể thu hồi bùn Waste water largon: Bể thu hồi nước thải Disinfection: Bể trộn vách ngăn Mixing tank: Bể trộn Float tank: bình có phao, thùng có phao flowing water tank : bể nước chảy gage tank : thùng đong gathering tank : bình góp, bể góp gauging tank : bình đong, thùng đong head tank : két nước có áp Fountain: Bể cảnh holding tank : thùng chứa, thùng gom measuring tank : thùng đong overhead storage water tank : tháp nước có áp precipitation tank : bể lắng; thùng lắng priming tank : thùng mồi nước, két mồi nước regulating tank : bình cấp liệu; thùng cấp liệu rejection tank : buồng thải ribbed tank : bình có gờ, 56
66. sand tank : thùng cát sediment tank : thùng lắng self-sealing tank : bình tự hàn kín separating tank : bình tách, bình lắng septic tank : hố rác tự hoại; hố phân tự hoại settling tank : bể lắng sewage tank : bể lắng nước thải slime tank : bể lắng mùn khoan; slurry tank : thùng vữa; thùng nước mùn; bể lắng mùn khoan storage tank : thùng chứa, thùng bảo quản, thùng trữ, bể trữ suds tank : bể chứa nước xà phòng sump tank : bể hứng; hố nước rác, bể phân supply tank : bể cấp liệu; bể cung cấp surge tank : buồng điều áp; tailrace surge tank : buồng điều áp có máng thoát; tempering tank : bể ram, bể tôi underground storage tank : bể chứa ngầm (dưới đất) vacuum tank : bình chân không; thùng chân không water tank : thùng nước, bể nước, xitéc nước water-storage tank : bể trữ nước Storage Resorvoir: Bể chứa 57
67. Thuật ngữ Anh Việt một sô loại Van adjusting valve : van điều chỉnh air-operated valve : van khí nén alarm valve : van báo động amplifying valve : đèn khuếch đại angle valve : van góc automatic valve : van tự động back valve : van ngược balanced valve : van cân bằng balanced needle valve : van kim cân bằng ball valve : van hình cầu, van kiểu phao ball and lever valve : van hình cầu - đòn bẩy bleeder valve : van xả bottom discharge valve : van xả ở đáy brake valve : van hãm bucket valve : van pit tông butterfly valve : van bớm; van tiết lưu by-pass valve : van nhánh charging valve : van nạp liệu check valve : van cản; van đóng; van kiểm tra clack valve : van bản lề clapper valve : van bản lề compensation valve : van cân bằng, van bù compression valve : van nén conical valve : van côn, van hình nón control valve : van điều chỉnh; van kiểm tra; cup valve : van hình chén cut-off valve : van ngắt, van chặn delivery valve : van tăng áp; van cung cấp; diaphragm valve : van màng chắn direct valve : van trực tiếp discharge valve : van xả, van tháo disk valve : van đĩa distribution valve : van phân phối double-beat valve : van khóa kép, van hai đế draining valve : van thoát nớc, van xả drilling valve : van khoan ejection valve : van phun electro-hydraulic control valve : van điều chỉnh điện thủy lực 58
68. emergency closing valve : van khóa bảo hiểm emptying valve : van tháo, van xả exhaust valve : van tháo, van xả expansion valve : van giãn nở feed valve : van nạp, van cung cấp feed-regulating valve : van điều chỉnh cung cấp flap valve : van bản lề float valve : van phao flooding valve : van tràn free discharge valve : van tháo tự do, van cửa cống fuel valve : van nhiên liệu gas valve : van ga, van khí đốt gate valve : van cổng gauge valve : van thử nước globe valve : van hình cầu governor valve : van tiết lưu, van điều chỉnh hand operated valve : van tay hinged valve : van bản lề hydraulic valve : van thủy lực injection valve : van phun inlet valve : van nạp intake valve : van nạp interconnecting valve : van liên hợp inverted valve : van ngược leaf valve : van lá, van cánh; van bản lề levelling valve : van chỉnh mức lift valve : van nâng main valve : van chính multiple valve : van nhiều nhánh mushroom valve : van đĩa needle valve : van kim nozzle control valve : van điều khiển vòi phun operating valve : van phân phối orifice valve : van tiết lưu; oulet valve : van xả, van thoát overflow valve : van tràn 59
69. overpressure valve : van quá áp paddle valve : van bản lề penstock valve : van ống thủy lực pilot valve : van điều khiển; đèn kiểm tra pintle valve : van kim pipe valve : van ống dẫn piston valve : van pít tông plate valve : van tấm plug valve : van bít pressure operated valve : van áp lực pressure relief valve : van chiết áp rebound valve : van ngược reducing valve : van giảm áp reflux valve : van ngược regulating valve : van tiết lưu, van điều chỉnh release valve : van xả relief valve : van giảm áp, van xả return valve : van hồi lưu, van dẫn về reverse-acting valve : van tác động ngược reversing valve : van đảo, van thuận nghịch revolving valve : van xoay safety valve : van an toàn, van bảo hiểm screw valve : van xoắn ốc selector valve : đèn chọn lọc self-acting valve : van lưu động self-closing valve : van tự khóa, van tự đóng servo-motor valve : van trợ động shut-off valve : van ngắt slide valve : van trượt spring valve : van lò xo springless valve : van không lò xo starting valve : van khởi động steam valve : van hơi stop valve : van đóng, van khóa straight-way valve : van thông suction valve : van hút supply valve : van cung cấp, van nạp thermostatic control valve : van điều ổn nhiệt three-way valve : van ba nhánh throttle valve : van tiết lưu through-way valve : van thông 60
70. transfer valve : van thông; van thoát transforming valve : van giảm áp, van điều áp triple valve : van ba nhánh tube valve : van ống tube needle valve : van kim turning valve : van quay two-way valve : van hai nhánh water-cooled valve : van làm nguội bằng nước water-escape valve : van thoát nước; van bảo hiểm 61
71. Thuật ngữ Anh Việt Thủy Lợi Gutter: máng nước drainpipe: ống thoát nước ống máng continents: các lục địa River: sông ngòi canal: kênh, sông đào main river: sông chính .sông cái course of a river: lòng sông island: đảo fluid property: tính chất dòng chảy rush: chảy mạnh chảy dồn flood: lũ lụt. {Flooded (adj): bị lụt, bị ngập - tobe floodded with+.N ) flood tide: triều cường floodway: kênh thoát lũ flood abatment: sự giảm lũ flood plane: mặt nước lũ jetty: đê chắn sóng area: diện tích, vùng,mặt cắt ướt area of +N , air course: luồng không khí main course: dòng chảy chính alluvieal(adj): thuộc đất phù sa _(n) alluvium alluvial water course: lòng sông bồi lắng phù sa top: đỉnh, ngọn crest:+of .(N) đỉnh, ngọn crest of flood : đỉnh lũ crest of overfall: đỉnh đập tràn crest of tide: đỉnh triều crest of wave: ngọn sóng current: dòng chảy, luồng flow(n): sự chảy, luồng nước turbulent flow: dòng chảy rối laminar flow: dồng chẩy tầng adverse current : dòng chảy ngược convection current : dòng đối lưu coastal current: dòng ven bờ 62
72. Arch: vòng cung. (a curved,usually load-bearing,structure across an space1 kiểu kiến trúc vòng ,qua một khoảng trống ,thường chịu đựng sức nặng. ex:the arch has greater strength than a straight member. vòng cung chịu đựng sức nặng nhiều hơn dạng thẳng). E.g: the arch has greater strength than a straight member. Gravity: trọng lực (the force that tends to pull all bodies toward the center of the earth: Lực có khuynh hướng kéo mọi vật thể về phía trung tâm trái đất). E.g: the engineers use the force of gravity in many ways Gravity Dam: đập trọng lực. (a masonry dam which ,by its weight ,resists the forces against it). E.g: gravity dams were built in Spain as early as the 16th century Hydraulic: thuộc về thuỷ lợi. (having to do with the force of liquid under pressure. Có liên quan đến sưc mạnh cua chất lỏng dưới áp lực) Hydraulic Jump: nuớc nhảy. (a sudden increase in the exerted by a stream of water when the depth increases. Sức mạnh dòng nươc tăng đột nhiên khi gặp chỗ sâu). E.g: there is a loss of energy in the hydraulic jump Ydroelectric: thuỷ điện (relating to the production of electricity by water power: Liên quan đến việc sản xuất điện bằng sức nước). E.g: My company is completing contruction of a big hydroelectric Seepage: nước rỉ. (the movement of a liquid through small in a material: Nước chảy qua nhữngkẽ hở nhỏ trên một vật liệu). E.g: the seepage line is clearly shown in the drawing Silt: bùn đọng (earth particles finer than sand carried and deposited by water - Những hạt đất nhỏ hơn cát bị nước quấn đi và đọng cặn lại). E.g: Silt can change the course of a stream Siphon: si-phôn. (a bent tube through which liquid is carried upward and then downward by the force of the surrounding air on the surface of the liquid: Một ống cong trong đó chất lỏng được đưa lên hạ xuống bởi lực của không khí xung quanh tác dụng vào bề mặt chất lỏng). E.g: Both ends of the siphon were 63
73. beneath the surface of the water (hai đ ầu ống si-ph ông đều đặt ưới mặt nước. Spillway: đường nước thoát. (a device through or along which excess water flows a way: Một bộ phận để cho nước dư chảy đi). E.g: the spillways are placed further upstream (Những đường nước thoát thường đặt ở đầu dòng nước) 64