Khóa luận A study on english terms related to investment documents and Vietnamese equivalence

Nội dung text: Khóa luận A study on english terms related to investment documents and Vietnamese equivalence

1. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG ISO 9001 : 2008 KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH: NGOẠI NGỮ HẢI PHÒNG - 2010
2. HAIPHONG PRIVATE UNIVESITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON ENGLISH TERMS RELATED TO INVESTMENT DOCUMENTS AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENCE By: LƯU THỊ THÙY DƯƠNG Class: NA1002 Supervisor: NGUYỄN THỊ PHI NGA, M.A. HAI PHONG - 2010
3. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinh viên: Mã số: Lớp: Ngành: Tên đề tài:
4. Nhiệm vụ đề tài 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp ( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ). 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán. 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp.
5. CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Người hướng dẫn thứ hai: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung hướng dẫn: Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày 12 tháng 04 năm 2010 Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành xong trước ngày 10 tháng 07 năm 2010 Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Sinh viên Người hướng dẫn Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 HIỆU TRƯỞNG GS.TS.NGƯT Trần Hữu Nghị
6. PHẦN NHẬN XÉT TÓM TẮT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp: 2. Đánh giá chất lượng của khóa luận (so với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán số liệu ): 3. Cho điểm của cán bộ hướng dẫn (ghi bằng cả số và chữ): Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010 Cán bộ hướng dẫn (họ tên và chữ ký)
7. NHẬN XÉT ĐÁNH GIÁ CỦA NGƯỜI CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP 1. Đánh giá chất lượng đề tài tốt nghiệp về các mặt thu thập và phân tích tài liệu, số liệu ban đầu, giá trị lí luận và thực tiễn của đề tài. 2. Cho điểm của người chấm phản biện : (Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ) Ngày tháng năm 2010 Người chấm phản biện
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT During the process of doing this graduation paper, I have received many necessary assistances, previous ideas and timely encouragements from my teachers, family and friends. First of all, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor – Mrs Nguyen Thi Phi Nga, MA of Foreign Language Department, who has always been willing to give me valuable advices and suggestions in order that I can complete successfully this study. My sincere thanks are also sent to the teachers in the English Department of Hai Phong Private University for their useful lessons and whole-hearted advices during four years studying here. Last but not least, I would like to give heartfelt thanks to my family, my friends and the staffs in Department of Planning and Investment who I never have enough words to express my great gratitude for all their helps, encouragements and supports. Hai Phong, June 2010 Student Luu Thi Thuy Duong TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgement Table of content PART I: INTRODUCTION 1
9. 1. Rationale of the study 1 2. Aims of the study 2 3. Scope of the study 2 4. Method of the study 3 5. Design of the study 3 PART II: DEVELOPMENT 4 Chapter 1: Theoretical Background 1. Translation theory 4 1.1. Definition of translation 4 1.2. Translation types . 6 1.3. Translation equivalence 9 1.4. Types of equivalence 10 1.5. Case of non-equivalence 11 2. Translation of English for specific purposes (ESP) 11 2.1. Definitions of ESP 11 2.2. Types of ESP 13 2.3. Investment ESP translation 15 2.3.1. Definitions of technical translation . 15 2.3.2. Translation of the area of Investment terms 16 2.4. Terms in Investment field 16 2.4.1. What is term? 16 2.4.2. The characteristic of term 17 2.4.3. Investment terms 17 Chapter 2: An investigation of Investment English terms and their Vietnamese equivalence 1.Collection of English Investment terms and Vietnamese equivalence 19 1.1. Single terms . 19 1.2. Compound terms . 22 1.3. Phrases 25
10. 1.4. Abbreviation . 26 2. Strategies applied to translation of English Investment terms into Vietnamese . 27 2.1. The strategies applied to the translation of single terms 27 2.1.1. Recognize translation 28 2.1.2. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words 30 2.1.3. Single terms are formed by the help of prefixes 31 2.1.4. Single terms are formed by the help of suffixes 34 2.2. The strategies applied to the translation of compound terms 36 2.2.1. Shift or transposition of translation 37 2.2.2. Rank-shift translation . 41 2.3. Strategies applied to the translation of phrases . 43 2.3.1. Reduction translation 43 2.3.2. Expansion translation . 44 2.4. Translation of abbreviations by using a loan word 47 Chapter 3: Main Finding 1. The difficulties in translating some Investment terms 51 2. Some suggestions in translating Investment terms 52 PART III: CONCLUSION 54 REFERENCES . 56
11. ABBREVIATIONS Adj Adjective ESP English for Specific Purposes N Noun SL Source language ST Source text TL Target language TT Target text V Verb
12. Part I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study English nowadays is such a common language and it is learned and used everywhere. English is considered the first language at 28 countries and the second language at many others such as Singapore, India, Canada, Ireland, and so on. Furthermore, English becomes an international language which is used worldwide in many fields like Internet, Business, Education, Communication, Economy, and so on. When you look at the number of people who speak English and what English is used for, you can realize the importance of English in life. Nowadays, Viet Nam economy is developing and opening for all the companies, factories, corporations and businesses in the world to invest in it. Therefore, teaching and learning English is quite necessary; especially, English in Investment field because this is the important field in Vietnam economy. Investment is a new field in Viet Nam integration process of the globalization. However, people working in Investment field do not have high standard in English. Thus, a number of Vietnamese learners get trouble in translating Investment terms, I myself often become confused with terminologies in this field whenever I meet them. Hence, it is very necessary for me to acquire certain accumulation of linguistic and cultural knowledge in both native language and foreign languages. Moreover, I am also interested in translation skills, especially in translation of Investment terms. That is the reason why I decide to carry out this research. More importantly, studying this theme offers me a chance to have thorough understanding about English specific purpose as well as improve knowledge about Investment field. 2. Aims of the study I carry out the study on English terms related to Investment documents to figure out an overview on translation and translation strategies in general and translation of Investment terms in particular. In details, the study is aimed at:  Understanding thoroughly translation theory and translation of English specific purpose  Collecting and presenting common English terms relating to Investment Documents and their Vietnamese equivalents
13.  Giving some suggestions to readers who pay attention to translation skill and Investment field I hope that this study can help readers to understand about translation strategies in general and translation of Investment terms in particular, help them translate it effectively. 3. Scope of the study The terms used in Investment field would require a great amount of effort and time to study. However, due to limitation of time and my knowledge, my study could not cover all the aspect of this theme. I only focus the study on translation and translation strategies in general, and translation of English terms relating to Investment documents. But hopefully these will partly help readers have the general knowledge and understanding about these terms which are used in Investment field. 4. Method of the study To carry out and complete successfully this research, I used the following methods:  Reading translation books to understand theoretical background.  Asking my supervisors, teachers and friends  Collecting documents and information related to Investment field from Internet, TV, references books, newspapers, Dictionary and so on. 5. Design of the study My graduation paper includes three main parts:  Part I, INTRODUCTION includes reason of the study, aims of the study, scope of the study, method of the study, design of the study.  Part II, DEVELOPMENT is the main part of the research paper and it is divided into 3 chapters:
14. Chapter I is THEORETICAL BACKGROUND providing the definition, type and strategies of translation in general and ESP translation in general and ESP in Investment terms. Chapter II is AN INVESTIGATION OF ENGLISH TERMS RELATING TO INVESTMENT DOCUMENTS AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENCE Chapter III is the MAIN FINDING of my research.  Part III is CONCLUSION with the summary of what has been given in the previous parts and Reference. Part II: DEVELOPMENT Chapter I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1. Translation theory 1.1 Definitions of translation: There are many definitions of translation all over the world. Following is some typical definitions : The first definition is “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language” _Catford (1965: 20)_ Very much similar to this definition is “Translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions” _Savory (1968: 37)_ Next, the process of translating as follows. “Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” _Nida and Taber (1959: 19)_
15. In Translation: Applications and Research, defines translation as: “The general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf” _ Brislin (1976: 1)_ Identical with the above definition is "Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for an SL utterance" _ Pinhhuck (1977: 38)_ In 1980, McGuire defined translation as “Translation involves the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and the structure of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible, but not so closely that the TL structure will be seriously distorted” _McGuire (1980: 2)_ Some scholars defined translation as an art / craft: “Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language” _Newmark (1981: 7)_ Wills defines translation more or less similarly as follows. “Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the SL” _Wills in Noss (1982: 3)_ According to Bell: “Translation is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent text in a different language retaining, as far as possible, the content of the message and the formal features and functional roles of the original text” _Bell (1991: xv)_ “Translation, as process of conveying messages across the linguistic and cultural barriers, is an eminently communicative activity, one whose use could be well considered in a wider range of teaching situation than may currently be the case” _Tudor, cited in Duff (1989: 5)_
16. Although these definitions are different in expression, they share common features about finding the closest equivalence in meaning by the choice of appreciate target language’s lexical and grammatical structures, communication situation, and cultural context. Some sort of movement from one language to another depends on translation types that will be show in the next part. 1.2 Translation types: There are some translation types as following: SL Emphasis TL Emphasis Word-for-word translation Adaptation Literal translation Free translation Faithful translation Idiomatic translation Semantic translation Communicative translation a)Word- for- word translation: In which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process Example: This house was built by my grandfather. Căn nhà này được xây bởi ông nội tôi b)Literal translation: This is a broader form of translation, each SL word has a corresponding TL word, but their primary meaning may differ. The SL grammatical forms are converted to their nearest target language equivalents. However, the lexical words are again translated out of context. Literal translation is considered the basic translation step, both in communication and semantic translation, in that translation starts from there. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved. Example: My sister put all her whole savings to buy this car Chị gái tôi đã dùng toàn bộ số tiền tiết kiệm để mua chiếc xe này. c)Faithful translation: This method tries to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraint of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural
17. words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer Example: Sông Hương Faithful translation: The Perfume River d)Semantic translation: It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play, or repetition jars in the finished version. Example: Today the Vietnamese are, almost no exception, extremely friendly to Western visitors Ngày nay, người Việt Nam đều rất thân thiện với các khách du lị ch nước ngoài. (Text book for Translation 1-Haiphong private university) e)Free translation: This method of translation produces the translated text without the style, form, or content of the original text. Example: “On the bright moonlit nights, standing on the bridge you can see myriads of stars reflecting on the blue water. The wind breeze rising from the river caresses your lung with fragrance” “Đứng trên cầu vào những đêm trăng sáng bạn sẽ được thỏa sức nhìn ngắm hằng hà sa số những vì sao lấp lánh soi mình xuống làn nước trong xanh. Ngọn gió nhẹ nhàng mát dị u đưa từ ngoài sông vào mơn trớn vuốt ve da thị t bạn, làm căng lồng ngực bạn bằng hương thơm êm dị u”. f)Adaptation: Adaptation refers to that type of translation which is used mainly for plays and poems. The text is rewritten considering the source language culture which is converted to the target language culture where the characters, themes, plots are usually preserved Example: Thà một phút huy hoàng rồi chợt tắt Còn hơn buồn le lói suốt trăm năm (Xuân Diệu) It would rather the victorious brightness In an only moment the centenary twinkle
18. g)Idiomatic translation: It translates the message of the original text but tends to distort the original meaning at times by preferring colloquialisms and idioms. Example: Candle in the wind Đèn khoe đèn tỏ hơn trăng Đèn ra trước gió còn chăng hỡi đèn h)Communicative translation: This method displays the exact contextual meaning of the original text in a manner where both content and language are easily acceptable and comprehensible to the readers. Example: Hello! How are you? Ê, lâu lắm không gặp, dạo này bạn thế nào? 1.3 Translation equivalence: According to Vanessa Leonardo “Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation although its definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation theory have caused heated controversy, and many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field in the past fifty years.” Following are some other definitions of translation equivalence:  Equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. _Vinay and Darbelnet_  Translation equivalence exists between forms in a source language and a target language if their meaning matches. In other words, translation equivalence should answer the question “What do the speakers of this language actually say to express the desired meaning?” _Wayne Leman (Wordpress.com)_  Equivalence, when applied to the issue of translation, is an abstract concept and actually refers to the equivalence relationship between the source text and the target text.
19. _Asian social science(CCSE)_ 1.4 Types of equivalence: Nida (1969) argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence which in the second edition by Nida and Taber (1982:200) is referred to as formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence.: Formal equivalence is achieved when source language and target language words have the closest possible match of form and content. Dynamic equivalence is achieved when the source language and the target language words have the same effect on their effective readers. Keller (1979: 188-89) considers fives types of equivalence: Denotative equivalence: the SL and the TL words refer to the same thing in the real world. It is an equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text. Connotative equivalence: This type of equivalence provides additional value and is achieved by the translator’s choice of synonymous words of expressions. Text-normative equivalence: The SL and the TL words are used in the same or similar context in their respective languages. Pragmatic equivalence: With readership orientation, the SL and TL words have the same effect on their respective readers. Formal equivalence: This type of equivalence produces an analogy of form in the translation by either exploiting formal possibilities of TL, or creating new forms in TL. Although equivalence translation is deferent point of view of theorists, it is same effective equivalence between SL and TL. 1.5 Case of non-equivalence: Non-equivalence can be divided into two basic categories : Non-equivalence at word level Non-equivalence above word level According to Mona Baker, the concept of non-equivalence at word level is more and less as follow:“ Non-equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalence for a word which occurs in the source text”
20. In the original English book, there are many special expressions which do not have suitable counterparts in other language. This means that it is not possible to translate these expressions by applying typical translational methods and strategies 2. Translation of English for specific purposes (ESP) 2.1 Definition of ESP: ESP began in the 1960s, but some of famous linguisticians build on earlier definitions. According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987:19), “ESP must be seen as an approach not as a product, ESP is not a particular kind of language, or methodology, nor does it consist of a particular type of teaching material. Understood properly, it is an approach to language learning, which is based on learner need”. Stevens’(1988) definition of ESP makes a distinction between four absolute characteristics and two variable characteristics. The absolute characteristics are that ESP consists of English Language Teaching which is: . Designed to meet specified needs of the learner; . Related in content (that is in its themes and topics) to particular disciplines, occupations and activities; . Centered on language appropriate to those activities in syntax, lexis, discourse, semantics and so on, and analysis of the discourse; . In contrast with “General English”. . The variable characteristics are that ESP . May be restricted as to the learning skills to be learned (for example reading only); . May not be taught according to any pre-ordained methodology. Robinson in her second survey of ESP in 1991 also accepted the primacy of needs analysis in defining ESP. Her definition is based on two key definition criteria and a number of characteristics that are generally found to be true of ESP. Her key criteria are that ESP is “normally goal-directed”, and that ESP course develop from a needs analysis, which “aims to specify as closely as possible what exactly it is that students have to do through the medium of English” (Robinson, 1991: 3). From looking at three definitions of ESP found in the literature, finally, Tony Dudley- Evans and Maggie Jo St John (1998, 2) defined ESP by using absolute and variable characteristics that is: Absolute characteristics: ESP is designed to meet specific needs of the learner;
21. ESP makes use of the underlying methodology and activities of the disciplines it serves; ESP is centred on the language (grammar, lexis, and register), skills, discourse and genres appropriate to these activities. Variable characteristics: ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines; ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of general English; ESP is likely to be designed for adult learner, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. It could, however, be used for learners at secondary school level; ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students. Most ESP courses basic knowledge of the language system, but it can be used with beginners. 2.2 Types of ESP: Types of ESP are identified three types by David Carter(1983): English as a restricted language English for Academic and Occupational Purpose English with specific topics The language used by air traffic controllers or by waiters are examples of English as a restricted language. Mackay and Mountford (1978) clearly illustrate the difference between restricted language and language with this statement: The language of international air-traffic control could be regarded as 'special', in the sense that the repertoire required by the controller is strictly limited and can be accurately determined situational, as might be the linguistic needs of a dining-room waiter or air- hostess. However, such restricted repertoires are not languages, just as a tourist phrase book is not grammar. Knowing a restricted 'language' would not allow the speaker to communicate effectively in novel situation, or in contexts outside the vocational environment (pp. 4-5). The second type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for Academic and Occupational Purposes. In the 'Tree of ELT' (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987), ESP is broken down into three branches: a) English for Science and Technology (EST), b) English for Business and Economics (EBE), and c) English for Social Studies (ESS). Each of these subject areas is further divided into two branches: English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and English for Occupational Purposes (EOP). An example of EOP for the EST branch is
22. 'English for Technicians' whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is 'English for Medical Studies'. Hutchinson and Waters (1987) do note that there is not a clear-cut distinction between EAP and EOP: "· people can work and study simultaneously; it is also likely that in many cases the language learnt for immediate use in a study environment will be used later when the student takes up, or returns to, a job" (p. 16). Perhaps this explains Carter's rationale for categorizing EAP and EOP under the same type of ESP. It appears that Carter is implying that the end purpose of both EAP and EOP are one in the same: employment. However, despite the end purpose being identical, the means taken to achieve the end is very different indeed. I contend that EAP and EOP are different in terms of focus on Cummins' (1979) notions of cognitive academic proficiency versus basic interpersonal skills. This is examined in further detail below. The third and final type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English with specific topics. Carter notes that it is only here where emphasis shifts from purpose to topic. This type of ESP is uniquely concerned with anticipated future English needs of, for example, scientists requiring English for postgraduate reading studies, attending conferences or working in foreign institutions. However, I argue that this is not a separate type of ESP. Rather it is an integral component of ESP courses or programs which focus on situational language. This situational language has been determined based on the interpretation of results from needs analysis of authentic language used in target workplace settings. 2.3 Investment ESP translation: Investment ESP translation is recently very important because most Investment documents are written in English which needs to understand deeply. And, it is impossible to contrast a complete translation that captures the universal meaning of the SL in the Investment text without the full
23. understanding about Investment terms which is an issue relevant to technical translation. Thus, this part of the study is based on the theoretical background of technical translation. 2.3.1 Definitions of technical translation: Sofer (1991) as follow distinguishes technical translation from literal translation: “The main division in the translation field is between literal and technical translation”. According to him, literal translation covers such areas fiction, poetry, drama and humanities in general and is done by writers of the same kind in the TL, or at least by translators with the required literary aptitude. Meanwhile, technical translation is done by much greater number of practitioners and is an ever-going and expanding field with excellent opportunities. Newmark (1981) differently distinguishes technical translation from institutional translation: “Technical translation is one of the part of specialized translation; institutional translation, the areas of politics, commerce, finance, government etc is the other.” He goes on to suggest that technical translation is potentially non-cultural and universal because the benefits of technology are not confined to one speech community. The terms in technical translation, therefore should be translated. On the contrary, institutional translation is cultural, so, in principle, the terms are transferred unless they are connected with international organization. Though having different approaches to technical translation, two authors view it as specialized translation with its essential element – “special terms”. 2.3.2 Translation in the area of Investment terms: Investment term is one of the popular specific fields, like other languages, its terminologies can change over time. If we translate in the Investment field, we must find the correct terminology used in the translation. Therefore, it would be very helpful for our translation if we are constantly updating glossaries related to the field as a whole, as well as specific Investment topics. Besides, translation of Investment terms is quite complex, we are required
24. translational skills and domain knowledge to include the fields of Investment. Moreover, we need to know more deeply about its word building, so the next – terms in Investment field will show more in details. 2.4 Terms in Investment field 2.4.1 What is term? Technical terminology is the specialized vocabulary of a field, the nomenclature. These terms have specific definitions within the field, which is not necessarily the same as their meaning in common use. ( A term is a word or expression that has a particular meaning or is used in particular activity, job, profession, etc (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1991) Term is the variation of language in a specific condition (Peter Newmark) and he stated that the central difficulty in translation is usually the new terminology. Even then, the main problem is likely to be that of some terms in the source text which are relatively context- free, and appear only once. If they are context-bound, you are more likely to understand them by gradually eliminating the less likely versions. 2.4.2 The characteristics of terms: There is a distinction between technical and descriptive terms.The original source language may use a descriptive term for a technical object for three reasons: The object is new, and not yet has a name The descriptive term is being used as familiar alternative, to avoid repetition The descriptive term is being used to make a contrast with another one. 2.4.3 Investment terms: According to structure, investment terms consist of following types;  Single terms are those that consist of just one word (compound or derived).
25. Example: investment, agreement, investor, contract, proposal, project, reinvestment, sector, capital, employer, etc.  Compound terms are terms consisting of two or more words, most of them are compound nouns, compound adjectives, etc. Example: safety procedure, advance payment, Invested capital, investment documents, foreign investor, etc.  Phrases: Most of them are noun phrases, used usually in titles of section in guidelines or documents. Example: the minimum capital contribution, State management of foreign investment, investment in research and development, an enterprise with foreign owned capital, etc.  Abbreviation: Example: NAV (Net Asset Value), PMU ( Project Management Unit), BD ( Basic Design), CIP ( Construction Investment Project), etc. All types of terms will be presented in detail in the next chapter.
26. Chapter2: AN INVESTIGATION OF ENGLISH INVESTMENT TERMS AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENCE 1. THE COLLECTION OF ENGLISH INVESTMENT TERMS AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENCE According to the previous section, Investment terms are divided into single terms, compound terms, phrases and abbreviation. Therefore, basing on the theoretical background in chapter I, this chapter will provide popular construction of Investment terms. 1.1 Single terms: Most single terms in Investment field can be broken down into one or more word parts such as: prefixes, root, suffixes, etc. Also, the single term is mostly formed by the help of prefixes and suffixes, and that any given term may contain one or all of these parts. 1.1.1 Prefixes: “un”, “non”, “in” also mean “not”: English Vietnamese equivalence Non-cooperation Không hợp tác Non-effective Không hiệu quả Non-interference Không can thiệp Non-labor Phi lao động Non-observance Không tuân theo Non-payment Không thanh toán Non-productive Không sản xuất, không sinh lợi Non-interest Không lãi suất Inactive Không hoạt động Inalienable Không thể chuyển nhượng Incontestability Không thể chối cãi
27. Incomplete Không đầy đủ Indirect Không trực tiếp Unacceptable Không được chấp nhận Unachievable Không thể thực hiện Unadopted Không được thông qua Unbalanced Không cân đối Unlimited Không giới hen Unearned Không kiếm mà có Unbalanced Không cân đối Undistributed Không phân phối Unconditional Không điều kiện Example: Non-labor income: thu nhập phi lao động Incontestability clauses: những điều khoản không thể chối cãi Incomplete Investment conditions: những điều kiện đầu tư không đầy đủ Indirect investment: đầu tư gián tiếp Unacceptable investor: nhà đầu tư không được chấp nhận Unachievable investment projects: những dự án đầu tư không thực hiện được. Unearned revenue: doanh thu tự phát sinh Undistributed profit: lợi nhuận không chia Unconditional investment: đầu tư không điều kiện “Pre” means “before” and “re” means “again” or “back”: English Vietnamese equivalence Revaluation Tái đị nh giá Rediscount Tái chiết khấu Precautionary Đề phòng trước Prepay Trả trước 1.1.2 Suffixes:
28. “-er, -or, -ee, -ant, ” means “person”: English Vietnamese equivalence Employer Chủ đầu tư Assessor Người đị nh giá Borrower Bên vay Accountant Kế toán viên Administrator Nhà quản lý Bearer Nhà đầu cơ Supplier Nhà cung cấp Advisor Nhà cố vấn Engineer Kĩ sư Investor Nhà đầu tư Arbitrator Trọng tài Consignee Người nhận hàng hóa Surveyor Người kiểm tra, khảo tra Acceptor Người chấp nhận Trader Nhà kinh doanh Participants Các bên tham gia Assessor Người đị nh giá tài sản Contributor Người đóng góp Analyzer Nhà phân tích Operator Chủ (xí nghiệp) Owner Chủ sở hữu Partner Đối tác 1.2 Compound terms: 1.2.1 Compound Nouns: Noun+Noun: English Vietnamese equivalence Investment bank Ngân hàng đầu tư Investment incentive Khuyến khích đầu tư Market exploring Thăm dò thị trường Capital movements Các luồng di chuyển vốn
29. Investment criteria Các tiêu chuẩn đầu tư Investment grants Trợ cấp đầu tư Account aggregation Tập hợp tài khoản Account balance Cán cân thanh toán Accounting earnings Tiền lãi thanh toán Contract agreement Thỏa thuận hợp đồng Investment licence Giấy phép đầu tư Site data Dữ liệu về công trường Process report Báo cáo tiến độ Asset allocation Phân bổ tài sản Capital stock Dung lượng vốn Investment adviser Cố vấn đầu tư Mortgage loan Cho vay thế chấp Inspection organization Tổ chức giám đị nh Income tax Thuế lợi tức Liquid asset Tài sản lỏng Advance payment Tạm ứng thanh toán Contract negotiation Thương thảo hợp đồng Opportunity cost Chi phí cơ hội Payment terms Điều khoản thanh toán State fund Vốn nhà nước Adj+Noun: English Vietnamese equivalence Corporate risk Rủi ro hợp doanh Discretionary profits Mức lợi nhuận vượt trội Financial arrangement Thu xếp tài chính Legal capital Vốn pháp đị nh Financial statement Báo cáo tài chính Commercial loan Khoản vay thương mại Commercial mortgage Thế chấp thương mại Variable cost Chi phí biến đổi (Biến phí) Direct investment Đầ u tư trực tiếp Indirect investment Đầ u tư gián tiếp Opportunistic investments Các khoản đầu tư cơ hội
30. Actual market Thị trường thực tế Full cost Chi phí đầy đủ Unbalanced growth Tăng trưởng không cân đối Undistributed profit Lợi nhuận không chia Breakeven analysis Phân tích hoà vốn Antitrust laws Luật chống độc quyền Authorized participants Các bên tham gia được ủy quyền Automatic investment Đầ u tư tự động Financial data Số liệu tài chính International preference Ưu đãi quốc tế Applicable law Luật áp dụng Competent person Người có thẩm quyền Domestic preference Ưu đãi trong nước Speculative boom Sự bùng nổ do đầu cơ Verb+Noun: English Vietnamese equivalence Review mission Đoàn kiểm tra,thẩm đị nh Supply contract Hợp đồng cung cấp Bear market Thị trường xuống giá Sunk cost Chi phí chìm Export credit Tín dụng xuất khẩu Install contract Hợp đồng lắp đặt hàng hóa Participle + Noun: English Vietnamese equivalence Evaluated price Giá dự tính Funding source Nguồn vốn Operating profit Lợi nhuận kinh doanh Accrued expenses Chi phí phát sinh ( tính trước) Accumulated depreciation Khấu hao cộng dồn Accumulated earnings Lợi tức tích dồn Asked price Giá chào Evaluated price Giá dự tính Funding source Nguồn vốn
31. 1.2.2 Compound adjectives: English Vietnamese equivalence Project financing Tài trợ dự án Capital-intensive Sử dụng nhiều vốn Income tax payable Thanh toán thuế thu nhập Official financing Tài trợ chính thức Advance refunding Thanh toán tạm ứng trước Arbitrage pricing Đị nh giá kinh doanh chênh lệch Advance refungding Thanh toán tạm ứng trước 1.3 Phrase: English Vietnamese equivalence Employer’s financial arrangement Sự thu xếp tài chính của chủ đầu tư Unforeseeable physical condition Điều kiện vật chất không lường trước được Asset turnover ratio Hệ số vòng quay tổng tài sản Enterprise with foreign owned capital Doanh nghiệp có vốn đầu tư nước ngoài Encouraged investment projects Các dự án khuyến khích đầu tư Foreign currency originating from investment Tiền nước ngoài có nguồn gốc đầu in Viet Nam tư tại Việt Nam The minimum capital contribution Tỉ lệ góp vốn tối thiểu Capital contribution schedule Tiến độ góp vốn State management of Cơ quan quản lý nhà nước về đầu foreign investment tư nước ngoài Investment guarantee measures Các biện pháp bảo đảm đầu tư The lawful interests of Lợi ích hợp pháp của các nhà đầu foreign investors tư nước ngoài Vietnamese permanently residing overseas Người Việt Nam đị nh cư ở nước ngoài đầu investing in Viet Nam tư về nước Investment promotion and Hoạt động xúc tiến tư vấn đầu tư consultancy activities
32. Accounts payable turnover Vòng quay các khoản phải trả Accounts receivable turnover Vòng quay các khoản phải thu Active portfolio strategy Chiến lược đầu tư hoạt động Annual capital charge Chi phí vốn hàng năm Working capital ratio Tỉ số vốn lưu động Investment demand schedule Biểu đồ nhu cầu đầu tư Constant returns to scale Lợi tức cố đị nh theo quy mô 1.4 Abbreviations: Abbreviation Full form Vietnamese equivalence FDI Foreign Direct Investment Đầ u tư nước ngoài trực tiếp Three’s I Formerly Investors In Các nhà đầu tư công nghiệp Industry ROI Return on Investment Lợi nhuận trên vốn đầu tư ODA Official Development Hỗ trợ phát triển chính thức Assistant UNDP United Nations Development Chương trình phát triển Liên Program Hợp Quốc SAC Short-run Average Cost Chi phí trung bình ngắn hạn O&M Operation and Maintaince Hợp đồng vận hành và bảo trì CIP Construction Investment Dự án đầu tư xây dựng Project MIGA Multilated Investment Cơ quan bảo hiểm đầu tư đa Guarantee Agency phương GAB General Arangement to Hiệp ước vay nợ chung Borrow SBU Strategic Business Unit Đơn vị kinh doanh chiến lược ENP Expected Net Profit Lợi nhuận ròng dự tính BEA Break-Even Analysis Phân tích hòa vốn BEP Break-Even Point Điểm hòa vốn ROA Return on Total Assets Tỷ số lợi nhuận ròng trên tài sản DPI Department of Planning and Sở Kế hoạch và Đầ u tư
33. Investment 2. POPULAR STRATEGIES APPLIED TO THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH INVESTMENT TERMS INTO VIETNAMESE Basing on the theoretical background in the chapter I, this part will analyze in detail some of the most popular strategies applied in translation of Investment terms from English into Vietnamese as well as help readers understand more clearly about terms using in investment documents. 2.1 The strategies applied in the translation of single terms: We believe that translating is an art, not only a science. We may get the impression that is s mechanical process involving a box with a handle. All we need to do is turn the handle on side of the box, and out comes the translation. Also, in case in which the two language are similar translation involves only minor modiffications to an original version. But in most case, the process is much more comprehensive and involves complete translation of the terns from one language to another. Beaside, the terms that make up the language of Investment are also refered to as the terminology of the Investment field. Thus, it is further more strategies applied in the translation of single terms. However, due to the limited time and knowledge, I just concentrate on some of the most popular strategies as follow: 2.1.1 Recognised translation: According to New Mark, translator should normally use the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term. If appreciate, translator can gross it and, in doing so, in directly show translator’s disegreement with this official version. Thus “contract” is a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law. It has to be translated as “ hợp đồng” in Vietnamese equivalent by dictionary and in this area; the meaning of word has no change in TL. With this term, translators had better not to change it to their own title in Vietnamese equivalence. Or another term “ project”: is a noun that means “a set of proposals for implementing part or the whole of work to achieve a particular objective or requirement in a pre-defined period of time, based on specified sources of fund” and means “dự án” in Vietnamese equivalent.
34. Translators had better to use original meaning of word rather than attempting to find other equivalent because it will lead to confusion in translation process. Example: “In order to ensure the efficient and proper execution of the project as specifically required by the Loan Agreement, it is essential that consultant employed on projects financed by ODA Loans of the BANK clearly possess the necessary competence.” (Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under JBIC ODA Loans: 5) (Để đảm bảo thực hiện dự án một cách hiệu quả và hợp lý như yêu cầu cụ thể trong Hiệp đị nh vay vốn, điều chủ yếu là các công ty tư vấn được tuyển dụng cho các dự án do Ngân hàng tài trợ phải có đủ khả năng chuyên môn cần thiết). Similarity, when translating the single term “portfolio”, it is no good to give it with your own title or even a brief explaination, nothing but the accepted term “ danh mục vốn đầu tư” will do. Another example is “Preference”, normally, in Vietnamese equivalent it means like “hobby, or like something rather than something”, but in Investment field, this word is also understood as “the favoring of one person or something”. Thus, its meaning has been recognized as “ưu đãi” or “ưu tiên” in Vietnamese. We realize that there is slight change of meaning when translating these terms in specific English with new definition. This measure is called recognized strategy. This strategy is used for translating the following terms: English Vietnamese equivalence Investment Đầ u tư Market Thị trường Capital Vốn Expenditure Chi phí Proposal Đề xuất Category Hạng mục Loan Vốn vay Asset Tài sản Term Kì hạn Payment Thanh toán
35. Sector Lĩ nh vực đầu tư Region Đị a bàn đầu tư Claim Khiếu nại Co-operation Hợp tác Enterprise Doanh nghiệp Inspection Giám đị nh Profit Lợi nhuận Scale Quy mô Licence Giấy phép Partnership Bên tham gia chung vốn Procerdure Thủ tục Aid Viện trợ Equity Vốn cổ phần Dividend Lãi cổ tức (lãi cổ phần) Risk Rủi ro Management Quản lý Rejection Hủy bỏ Stipulate Quy đị nh 2.1.2 Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word: If the concept expressed by the source item is not lexicalized at all in the target language, the paraphrase might be based on modifying a superodimate or simply on unpacking the meaning of the source item, particulary if the item in question is semantically complex. Hence, SL “angel”, in general translation, means “person of exceptional holiness” and “ thiên thần” in Vietnamese. However, in the Investment field, this term is understood as “a person who supply capital for another one” and in Vietnamese TL, it means “ người xuất vốn cho kẻ khác”. It is clear that this term is translated by using unrelated word báed on unpacking the meaning of the source item. The following terms will illustrate what I confirmed: English Vietnamese equivalence Consolidation Giai đoạn ổn đị nh giá Annuity Mức chi trả theo đị nh kì All Giao dị ch mua bán toàn bộ
36. Arbitrage Kinh doanh dựa vào chênh lệch giá Parties Các bên tham gia đầu tư Diversifier Người đầu tư đa dạng Placing Gọi vốn cổ phần Clearance Thanh toán bù trừ Clean Hết nợ Termination Việc chấm dứt hợp đồng Ceiling Giá trần Disbursement Giải ngân Advice Tiền ứng trước Leader Cổ phiếu dẫn đầu 2.1.3 Single terms are formed by the help of prefixes: A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. According to my research, in Investment term, there are 2 types of prefixes: negative prefix and positive prefix. Negative prefixes “un”, “non”, “in” occupy the larger part of prefixes used in the Investment document. They are mainly mean “no” or “not” and in Vietnamese equivalence they mean: “không”, “vô” or “phi”. Some following examples will illustrate in detail: When considering the term “Incomplete”, it is easy to see that the term in SL does not contain the word “no”, or “not”; however, in the TL, the meaning of word “no” is created by prefix “in”. The word “complete” means “đầy đủ, trọn vẹn” and has opposite meaning when adding prefix “in” which replaces for the word “no”. So readers can understand it with the meaning “không đầy đủ, không trọn vẹn”. For an example: “Incomplete Investment conditions” is translated as “Những điều kiện đầu tư không đầy đủ” in Vietnamese. Some other following terms will illustrate what I confirmed: English Vietnamese equivalence Non-lending Không cho vay Non-limiting Không giới hạn Non-profit Phi lợi nhuận Non performing Không thực hiện Non-accredited Không công nhận Non-purpose Không mục đích
37. Non-eligible Không hợp lệ Incontestability Không thể chối cãi Ineligible Không đủ tiêu chuẩn Intangible Không thấy được Unassignable Không thể chuyển nhượng Unbalanced Không cân đối Uncalled Không được gọi Unfunded Không được cấp vốn Example: Non performing loans: Những khoản vay không thực hiện đúng hợp đồng Non-eligible investment lience: Giấy phép đầu tư không hợp lệ Incontestability clauses: Những điều khoản không thể chối cãi Intangible assets: tài sản vô hình Uncalled capital: vốn chưa huy động Unfunded investment projects: các dự án đầu tư không được cấp vốn The last part and also the smaller one of prefix is the positive prefixes . There are many positive prefixes but the most common ones mentioned in this research are “pre” and “re” and “post” The words with the affix “pre” often bring themselves meaning of “before”, “prior” or “tiền”, “trước” in Vietnamese. The words with the affix “re” means “again” or “back” or “ lại”, “tái” in Vietnamese equivalence as following: English Vietnamese equivalence Reinvestment Tái đầu tư Pre-commitment Cam kết trước Pre-condition Điều kiện trước hết Example: “Reinvestment” means using profits and other lawful earnings from investment activities in Viet Nam to invest in projects which are being implemented or to make new investments in Viet Nam under any of the froms stipulated in this law” (Article 2, Chapter I, Law on Foreign Investment in Viet Nam)
38. "Tái đầu tư" là việc dùng lợi nhuận và các khoản thu hợp pháp khác từ hoạt động đầu tư ở Việt Nam để đầu tư vào dự án đang thực hiện hoặc để đầu tư mới ở Việt Nam theo các hình thức đầu tư quy đị nh tại Luật này”. (Điều 2, Chương I, Luật đầu tư nước ngoài tại Việt Nam) The words adding affix “post” have the opposite meaning with the affix “pre”: “sau”, “hậu” as following: English Vietnamese equivalence Post-evaluation đánh giá sau cùng, đánh giá hậu kì Postqualification Hậu tuyển Example: “Other services necessary for the project, including: assistance in implementation of recommendations, post-evaluation and impact studies of the project” (Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under JBIC ODA Loans: 4) (Các dịch vụ cần thiết cho dự án bao gồm: Hỗ trợ thực hiện các đề xuất, đánh giá hậu kì và các nghiên cứu các tác động tới dự án) 2.1.4 Single terms are formed by the help of suffixes: As well as prefix, suffix is also applied popularly to form single terms. It is also sometimes called a postfix or ending, which is placed after the stem of a word. In general English, single words with suffixes “or”, “er”, “ee”, “ant” often refer to person, individual. Investment terms, of course, also indicate the parts (individuals, organizations) who take part in Investment activity, when at the end of words plus those suffixes. In Vietnamese equivalent, the words adding suffixes means “nhà” or “người”. Some following example will illustrate what I confirm:
39. Investor: “Invest” means “đầu tư” in Vietnamese equivalent, But when adding suffix “or”, the TL indicates “an organization or individual who commits capital to invest projects in order to gain profit from that projects”. Therefore, “nhà đầu tư” or “người đầu tư” is the closest meaning in Vietnamese. Example: “The State of Socialist Republic of Viet Nam shall protect industrial property rights, shall guarantee the lawful interests of foreign investors in the activities of technology transfer in Viet Nam”(Article 21, Chapter III, Law on Foreign Invesment in Viet Nam) “Nhà nước cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩ a Việt Nam bảo hộ quyền sở hữu công nghiệp, bảo đảm lợi ích hợp pháp của các nhà đầu tư nước ngoài trong hoạt động chuyển giao công nghệ tại Việt Nam” ( Điều 21, Chương III, Luật đầu tư nước ngoài tại Việt Nam) Arbitrator: According to the Law on Investment, this term often refer to individual or organization who chosen by parties to judge and decide a disputed issue. In this case, the term “Arbitrator” translated as “trọng tài” or “Người giải quyết tranh chấp” in Vietnamese equivalent. Example: “Any disputy between the parties to a business co-operation contract, between the parties to a joint venture contract, or between enterprises with foreign owned capital or parties to a business co-operation contract and Vietnamese enterprises must firstly be resolved by negotiation and conciliation. Where the fail to settle the dispute by way of conciliation, the dispute shall be refered to arbitrator” (Article 24, Chapter III, Law on Foreign Invetment in Viet Nam) “Các tranh chấp giữa các bên tham gia hợp đồng hợp tác kinh doanh hoặc giữa các bên liên doanh cũng như các tranh chấp giữa các doanh nghiệp có vốn đầu tư nước ngoài, các bên tham gia hợp đồng hợp tác kinh doanh với các doanh nghiệp Việt Nam trước hết phải được giải quyết thông qua thương lượng, hoà giải. Trong trường hợp các bên không hoà giải được thì vụ tranh chấp được đưa ra giải quyết tại tổ chức trọng tài” (Điều 24, Chương III, Luật đầu tư nước ngoài tại Việt Nam) Similarly, we have some other terms refering to parts which participle in Investment or procurement process of projects as following:
40. English Vietnamese equivalent Contractor Nhà thầu Broker Người môi giới Distributor Nhà phân phối Manufacturer Nhà sản xuất Appraiser Người đánh giá Assignee Người được ủy quyền Assignor Người chuyển nhượng Creditors Chủ nợ Consultant Nhà chuyên môn Shareholder Cổ đông 2.2 Strategies applied in the translation of compound terms: Investment terms are majority in compound terms which are formed by joining two or more words together, so it is not easy for us to translate these terms from English into Vietnamese, and sometimes these terms make readers confused. Therefore, I will provide some translation trategies to help readers to translate the Investment terms more appropriately. 2.2.1 Shift or transposition translation: The most popular strategy applied to translate compound terms is Shift or transposition translation. Transposition is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL. One type, the change in the word order is named “Automatic translation”, and offers translators no choice. The following examples will provide readers the features of automatic shift strategy: the compound term “Investment licence” formed by two nouns and it means “giấy phép đầu tư” in Vietnamese equivalence. We can easily realize that the position between two nouns has changed when translating into Vietnamese. In English, the noun “Investment” stands before the noun “licence”, however when translating to Vietnamese two nouns “Investment” and “licence” are orderly transfered as “giấy phép” and “đầu tư”. Another term: “Indirect investment” includes an Adj and a
41. Noun, this term is known as “đầu tư không trực tiếp” or “đầu tư gián tiếp” in Vietnamese. There is also change in the order of these words, in English the word “indirect” stands before the noun “investment”, however, when it is translated into Vietnamese, the word “indirect” comes after the noun. These terms show that the automatic shift is flexibly appllied in translation, and all words in these terms are naturally converted from English into Vietnamese without adding any expression. Due to automatic shift strategy application, translators can feel more simple and unconfused when dealing with some redundant or additional words during the translation process of these terms. A number of following compound terms are also translated according to this strategy: Noun + Noun English Vietnamese equivalence Safety procerdures Các quy đị nh về an toàn Quality assurance Đả m bảo chất lượng Investment activities Các hoạt động đầu tư Project scale Quy mô dự án Capital account Tài khoản vốn Investment procerdure Thủ tục đầu tư State fund Vốn nhà nước Contract standard Quy chuẩn hợp đồng Bank loan Khoản vay ngân hàng Investment project Dự án đầu tư Venture capital Vốn mạo hiểm Venture investment Đầ u tư mạo hiểm Term loan Khoản vay có kỳ hạn Capital market Thị trường vốn Investment certificate Giấy chứng nhận đầu tư Capital charges Các phí tổn cho vốn Capital loss Khoản lỗ vốn Investment trust Tờ-rớt đầu tư Investment funds Các quỹ đầu tư Book profit Lãi trên sổ sách
42. Bridge loan Cho vay bắc cầu Capital gain Lợi nhuận vốn Capital stock Dung lượng vốn Paper profit Lợi nhuận trên giấy Payback period Thời kì hoàn vốn Inventory investment Đầ u tư tồn kho Replacement investment Đầ u tư thay thế Deficit financing Tài trợ thâm hụt Capital widening Mở rộng vốn Project appraisal Thẩm đị nh dự án Adjective + Noun English Vietnamese equivalence Abnormal profit Lợi nhuận dị thường Absolute advantage Lợi thế tuyệt đối Strategic investors Các nhà đầu tư chiến lược Foreign investment Đầ u tư nước ngoài Short term investment Đầ u tư ngắn hạn Long term investment Đầ u tư dài hạn Foreign aid Viện trợ nước ngoài Current account Tài sản lưu động Additional paid-in capital Vốn thực góp bổ sung Additional principal payment Chi trả chính thêm vào Adjustable rate Lãi suất điều chỉ nh Environmental impact Tác động môi trường Administrative systems Hệ thống quản lý Alternative investments Đầ u tư luân phiên Annual meeting Đạ i hội thường niên Annual turnover Kim ngạch hàng năm Autonomous investment Đầ u tư tự đị nh Autonomous transactions Giao dị ch tự đị nh Available funds Ngân khoản sẵn có Bad debt Nợ không có khả năng hoàn lại Indirect loan Vốn vay không trực tiếp
43. Individual investor Nhà đầu tư cá nhân Inefficient portfolio Danh mục đầu tư không hiệu quả Ineligible accounts Tài khoản không đủ tiêu chuẩn Intangible asset Tài sản vô hình Private equity Góp vốn tư nhân Financial arrangement Thu xếp tài chính Legal capital Vốn pháp đị nh Financial statement Báo cáo tài chính Unconditional investment Đầ u tư không điều kiện Official financing Tài trợ chính thức Loanable funds Các quỹ có thể vay Long term capital Vốn dài hạn Paid-up capital Vốn đã được huy động Risk capital Vốn rủi ro Induced investment Đầ u tư ứng dụng Physical capital Vốn hiện vật Financial capital Vốn tài chính V + Noun English Vietnamese equivalence Alternate account Tài khoản luân phiên Asked price Giá chào Call money Tiền huy động (ngắn hạn) Stand-by arrangement Hợp đồng dự phòng Participle + Noun (~ing participle + Noun & ~ed participle + Noun) English Vietnamese equivalence Time-based contract Hợp đồng tính theo thời gian Working capital Vốn lưu động Accredited investor Nhà đầu tư được chấp nhận Accrued benefit Lợi nhuận phát sinh
44. Borrowing base Cơ sở vay vốn Classified loan Vốn vay được xếp loại Consulting service Dị ch vụ tư vấn Similarly, we have other examples of compound adjectives, applied this procedure: English Vietnamese equivalence Accounts payable Các khoản phải trả Accounts receivable Các khoản phải thu Mezzanine financing Tài trợ tổng hợp Retroactive financing Tài trợ hồi tố Tax-free Miễn thuế Self-financing Tự tài trợ 2.2.2 Rank-shift translation: The other case of “shift translation” called “Rank-shift translation”, also involves the change in the grammar from SL to TL; however, the TL is added or omitted word comparing with SL. When comparing the term “adjusted basis” in English and “giá gốc có điều chỉ nh” in Vietnamese equivalence. We easily recognized that all words in this term are also transferred from English to Vietnamese. In English, this term does not include words “price” and “have”. However when translating into Vietnamese, we see that this term is added “giá” and “có”, they make information in SL clearly. Taking another term to find out what I confỉ m. The word “allocation efficiency” is translated as “tính hiệu quả của việc sử dụng tiền” in Vietnamese. We can not find out the word “using money” in this term, but when translating into Vietnamese, the word “sử dụng tiền” appears to provide more information for this term. This strategy is also appliced for the following illustrations: English Vietnamese equivalent Punch- list Danh mục các công việc cần hoàn tất At -risk rules Quy đị nh về lỗ bị đe dọa Backward integration Sự kết hợp dây chuyền Bad debt Nợ khó đòi Blank endorsement Ký chuyển nhượng trống Blind entries Chuyển sổ khống
45. Book profit Lãi trên sổ sách Call money market Tiền huy động ngắn hạn Capital budgeting Hoạch đị nh và kiểm soát sử dụng vốn Cash-balance plan Kế hoạch thanh toán cân bằng Transfer payments Chi trả bằng chuyển khoản Premium risk Phí bảo hiểm cho rủi ro Pump priming Đầ u tư vào cơ sở hạ tầng Wage leadership Xác đị nh tiền công theo mức tham khảo Animal spirits Tâm lý hùa theo Net investment Sự tạo vốn ròng 2.3 Strategies applied in the translation of phrases: 2.3.1 Reduction translation: For this one, the term is often translated by omitting a word in order to avoid redundantly in translation result. For example, SL “allowance for depreciation” is translated as “trợ cấp khấu hao”, looking at the TL, we can not find out the position of preposition “for”. What I mention is that the word “for” is omitted when this term is translated into Vietnamese. In spite of translating by word-for-word, translator translate this term that can help to avoid poorly in translation. Or the preposition “of” is also reduced in phrase “Rate of return on investment” which means “Suất sinh lợi từ đầu tư”. With this strategy, the content of ST is not changed, and translators can gain a better and more natural Vietnamese TT. Furthermore, this strategy gives out a simpler understanding and avoids confusion during translation of complex compound words or complex phrases. Similarly, following examples will illustrate what I mention: English Vietnamese equivalence Compliance with Investment law Tuân thủ luật đầu tư List of Investment projects Danh mục các dự án đầu tư Law on Foreign Investment in Viet Luật đầu tư nước ngoài tại Việt Nam Nam Form of Investment Hình thức đầu tư
46. Application file for an Investment Đơn xin cấp phép đầu tư licence An enterprise with foreign owned Doanh nghiệp vốn đầu tư nước ngoài capital Profits arise from assignment of Chuyển nhượng vốn có phát sinh lợi nhuận capital User cost of capital Chi phí sử dụng vốn Rental on capital Tiền thuê vốn Efficiency coefficient of investment Hệ số hiệu quả đầu tư Abatement of a contract Hủy bỏ hợp đồng 2.3.2 Expansion translation: This strategy is performed by explaining more about terms which are difficult to focus on a word or phrase in TL. “False trading” is an example. When this compound stands alone, it can be translated as “thương mại giả” by using Automatic shift method. But it is translated “Hoạt động thương mại theo mức giá phi cân bằng” as being in this field. It is obvious that all word “ hoạt động”, “mức giá phi cân bằng” are not found in English but to Vietnamese. It is necessary to apply this method to get the best translation if there is no way to find the exactness equivalent in TL. All below examples are also translated by this strategy: English Vietnamese equivalence Payment received from provision of Những khoản tiền chi trả cho việc cung cấp technology and service dị ch vụ kĩ thuật Tax return Bản khai thu nhập cá nhân dùng để tính tiền thuế phải đóng Tax-deductible Có thể được trừ vào thu nhập trước khi tính thuế phải đóng No domestic preference Không ưu tiên cho nhà sản xuất trong nước Capital asset pricing model Mô hình xác đị nh giá trị của tài sản vốn Intended inventory investment Đầ u tư vào hàng tồn kho có chủ ý Going- rate pricing Xác đị nh giá theo giá thị trường
47. Maintenance Repair Operating Các sản phẩm công nghiệp thuộc nhóm cung ứng Variable factor Các yếu tố sản xuất thay đổi Wage-rental ratio Tỷ số tiền công-tiền thuê vốn Tax wedge Chênh lệch giá do thuế Structural adjustment loans Các khoản vay để điều chỉ nh cơ cấu kinh tế Interna Rate of return Tỉ lệ hoàn vốn nội bộ Intended inventory investment Các sản phẩm công nghiệp thuộc nhóm cung ứng Differentiated goods Hàng hóa cùng loại mang nét đặc trưng riêng Sterilization impact of capital inflow Tác động vô hiệu hóa thâm hụt cán cân thanh toán bởi dòng vốn chảy vào All or none Giao dị ch mua bán toàn bộ hoặc không Broker loan Cho vay theo yêu cầu của người môi giới Appropriation account Tài khoản phân phối lãi Cumulative shares Cổ phiếu được trả lợi theo tích lũy General human capital Vốn nhân lực mang đặc điểm chung Gross investment Tổng đầu tư nảy sinh trong nền kinh tế trong một khoảng thời gian nhất đị nh Leveraged buy out tăng vay bằng cách thay cổ phần Marginal per capita reinvestment Tiêu chuẩn về thương số tái đầu tư cận biên quotient criterio theo đầu người ( đầu tư với mục tiêu tối đa hoá thu nhập bình quân đầu người tại một thời điểm trong tương lai) Mutually exclusive projects Tình huống mà nhiều dự án không thể cùng thực thi vì chúng cần có một đầu vào mà chỉ có thể được dùng cho một dự án Porfolio balance approach Phương pháp cân đối các danh mục đầu tư Least-cost section Tuyển chọn tư vấn có chi phí thấp nhất
48. Quality-Based Selection Tuyển chọn tư vấn trên cơ sở chất lượng Perfect capital mobility Khả năng lưu chuyển hoàn hảo của vốn Quality and Cost Based System Tuyển chọn tư vấn trên cơ sở chất lượng và chi phí Hurdle rate Lãi suất hòa vốn-loại lãi suất thấp nhất Holdback Phần vốn vay lưu lại cho tới khi dự án sắp hoàn tất hoặc bên vay đã đáp ứng đủ yêu cầu của bên thực hiện. Hold harmless clause Điều khoản về bất khả kháng trong các hợp đồng vay(nhằm giảm bớt trách nhiệm cho bên vay đối với những sự việc gây khó khăn không lường trước được cho bên thực hiện dự án) Capital Asset pricing model Mô hình xác đị nh giá trị của tài sản vốn Velocity of money Tốc độ lưu chuyển của tiền 2.4 Translation of abbreviations by using a loan word Loan words have increased in the process of human working and studying and occupied a large amount of vocabulary to enrich the human language. In the recent decays, Vietnamese has added more new loan words originating from English such as chat (tán gẫu), copy (sao chép), marketing (tiếp thị ), menu (thực đơn), list (danh sách), PR (quan hệ công chúng) ect. In the Investment field, loan words are mainly the cases of abbreviation. Abbreviations sometimes represent the first letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. In Investment field, abbreviations are used in written and spoken communication to save time and space. Especially, name of Vietnam organizations and international organizations are written in form of abbreviations such as: VIBBank, IMF, OPEC, etc. Translation of abbreviation by using a loan word is kind of strategy which is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items and modern concepts. Using loan word is dramatically strong method applied for the word which has foreign origin or have no equivalence in TL. For instance, “Three I’s” is formed by “Formerly Investors In
49. Industry” which is translated as “các nhà đầu tư công nghiệp” in Vietnamese or “ROI” is shorted from “Return On Investment” which means ”Lợi nhuận trên vốn đầu tư” in Vietnamese. Most abbreviations that are used world-wide still remain in Vietnamese even they were translated into Vietnamese. Example: “FDI plays an important role in the Vietnam economy: FDI companies contributed 13,3% to the GDP, 35% to the industrial output, 23% to export, 25% to total state budget revenues in 2001 ”. (FDI in Vietnam: Results, Achievements, Challenges and Prospect) “FDI đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong nền kinh tế việt Nam: các công ty nước ngoài đã góp 13.3% vào GDP, 35% vào sản lượng công nghiệp, 23% vào xuất khẩu, 25% vào tổng doanh thu ngân sách quốc gia vào năm 2001 ” FDI – this term is often used in Investment documents. We can see that this term is formed by three initial letters of phrase: “Foreign Direct Investment” which means “Đầu tư nước ngoài trực tiếp” in Vietnamese. “The Bank requires that consultants, as well as Borrowers, under contracts funded with ODA Loans of the Bank and other Japanese ODA, observe the highest standard of ethics during the procurement and execution of such contracts.” (Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under JBIC ODA Loans: 28) (Ngân hàng yêu cầu bên tư vấn, cũng như Bên vay theo các hợp đồng được Ngân hàng tài trợ vốn ODA hoặc các vốn ODA khác của Nhật Bản, phải tuân thủ chuẩn mực tối đa các nguyên tắc về đạo đức trong quá trình đấu thầu và thực hiện hợp đồng.) ODA is the group of initial letter of compound word “Official Development Assistant” which is translated into Vietnamese as “hỗ trợ phát triển chính thức” In the above examples, “FDI”, “GDP” and “ODA” are abbreviated in both ST and TT. Obviously, that is a useful way to simplify terms or make them shorter and avoid the redundancy and using abbreviation of these terms will more convenient and faster for translators. However, it is not easy to distinguish what it is or what it means if the readers have not any knowledge of specific field.
50. The following attached reference table is illustrations about abbreviation in order that readers can closely approach with this strategy: Abbreviation Full form Vietnamese equivalence PMU Project Management Unit Ban quản lý dự án O&M Operation and Maintaince Hợp đồng vận hành và bảo trì Contract IDA International Development Hội liên hiệp phát triển quốc tế Association EPC Engineering Procuring Thiết kế, cung cấp thiết bị vật Construction tư và xây lắp PAD Project Appraisal Document Văn bản đánh giá dự án I.S schedule Investment-Saving Schedule Danh mục tiết kiệm-đầu tư BOOT Build, own, operate, transfer Xây dựng, sở hữu, vận hành, chuyển giao GAB General Arangement to Borrow Hiệp ước vay nợ chung NAV Net Asset Value Chỉ số giá trị tài sản thuần BCC Business Co-operation Contract Hợp đồng hợp tác kinh doanh BOT Build Operate Transfer Xây dựng vận hành chuyển giao SAC Short-run Average Cost Chi phí trung bình ngắn hạn OECD Organization of Economic Co- Tổ chức hợp tác và phát triển operation and Development kinh tế IMRO Investment Management Tổ chức điều hòa quản lý đầu Regulatory Organization tư CIP Construction Investment Project Dự án đầu tư xây dựng BD Basic Design Thiết kế cơ sở UNCDF United Nations Capital Quỹ phát triển vốn Liên Hợp Development Fun Quốc UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Hội nghị Liên hợp Quốc về Trade And Development thương mại phát triển UNDP United Nations Development Chương trình phát triển Liên Program Hợp Quốc MIGA Multilated Investment Guarantee Cơ quan bảo hiểm đầu tư đa Agency phương
51. SCC Special Conditions of Contract Điều kiện cụ thể của hợp đồng To conclusion, within a frame of this paper, the researcher indicated some popular strategies applied to translate English Investment terms according to types of terms; including recognized translation, shift or transposition, reduction, expansion and using loan word. The translators can gain the best result by using these methods flexibly and effectively. Chapter III: MAIN FINDING Every field also has its own terms, and obviously, Investmet is not an exception. After a diligent and serious process of research, I really realize the important role of Investment terms especially for everyone working in economic field in general and everyone working in Investment field in particular. From what I have accumulated during my study, I want to share the findings of this topic as my experiences. 1. The difficulties in translating some Investment terms: The common situation in translation is misunderstanding. Words in general English can carry different meanings and express new concepts in specific English. It is a cause lead to misunderstandings in translation process. Firstly, the translators often misunderstand the meaning of word between general English and specific English or among fields. That is proved by following examples: The term “disbursement” means “the act of spending money” and it is translated as “sự dốc túi” or “sự chi tiêu” in Vietnamese. But in Investment field, the term “disbursement” means “payment or withdrawal of funds for an expenditure under a project” and “giải ngân” is the closest meaning in Vietnamese equivalent. Example:
52. “The final payment shall be made within the disbursement period stipulated in the Loan Agreement.” (Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under JBIC ODA Loans: 18) (Việc thanh toán cuối cùng sẽ được tiến hành trong thời gian giải ngân được quy đị nh ở Hiệp đị nh vốn vay) Another term: uncalled capital” including “uncalled” which means “không được gọi” or “không được mời” in communication language. However in Invetsment field, “uncalled capital” means “part of the company’s issue which has not been paid for by the shareholders” ”, and “vốn chưa huy động” is closest equivalent in Vietnamese. The term “liquid asset”, it easy to translate as “tài sản lỏng” by dictionary and the word “tài sản lỏng” is accepted and used in Vietnamese Investment documents. When looking at the word “liquid” many readers or even translators will understand as “chất lỏng” in Vietnamese. But in Investment field, the term “liquid asset” means “kind of asset which is easy to exchange post” and it is understood as “dạng tài sản dễ hoán chuyển” in Vietnamese. Therefore, due to the limitation of knowledge about the specific field and the variety of both SL and TL, the translators surely have difficulties in the process of translating and understanding terms. 2. Some suggestions in translating Investment terms: The most difficulty to translate ESP is terminology, which often translated practically and exactly in requirement. Generally, a best translation should be performed some steps as following: Firstly, the translators should try to understand the new term in the whole content and intention of the text which he is translating. The principal way to reach it is reading all the sentences or the text completely to give the idea that we want to say in the target language because the most important characteristic of this technique is translating the message as clearly and naturally as possible. By this way, translators can guess the meaning of word in the detail content. Moreover, it is necessary to look up new word by dictionary. Most of terms created from original word in general English. Secondly, the translators should search the knowledge about the translation matter in order to, at least, understand the concept of the terms and use them correctly, and decrease
53. all the difficulties stated above. By doing this, translators can choose the best equivalent from English into Vietnamese and avoid the misunderstanding Thirdly, the translators should avoid the tendency to translate word by word, because that will destroy the meaning of the original word and ruin the beauty of the expression. Basically, most of terms are translated by using general word. However, sometimes, it is necessary to translate an English word by a long phrase or even a whole sentence to help readers understand. Part III: CONCLUSION It can be not denied that today English is the most widely language all over the world and English has acquired the largest vocabulary of all over the world’s language. Nowadays, the important role of English is illustrated in every field such as politics, science, economy, etc. Therefore, translation of terms in the specific field plays an important role, especially in the age of globalization.
54. Being aware of the importance in specific field, I decided to make a study on English terms related to Investment Documents and Vietnamese equivalence. Three main parts of my research presented from overview about translation theory to practice in detail of which part two is the focal point. The theoretical background stated from broad to narrow in the chapter one provides the basic knowledge of translation, ESP and Investment terms. The most important of this study – chapter two presents an investigation of the Investment terms including collection of Investment terms and some popular strategies applied to translation Investment terms from English to Vietnamese. And chapter three finds out some difficulties in the translation process and some suggestions for readers to translate effectively. In conclusion, I choose this theme to research with the hope that it can help readers and learners, especially those who working in Investment field to have more information about Investment terms as well as the way to translate ESP effectively. Due to my limitation of time and knowledge, mistakes and shortcomings are unavoidable in my study. Therefore, I am always willing to receive the contributions, advices and sympathies from teachers and readers to make my graduation paper more perfectly. Finally, I would like to give my special thanks to my supervisor: Mrs. Nguyen Thi Phi Nga; to all the teaching staffs of the Foreign Language Department of Haiphong Private University, to my family, my classmates from NA1002 and my friends for their support and encouragement during my study.
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56. 15. 16. http:/www.investorwords.com