Khóa luận A study on expressions of futurity in english in comparison with their vietnamese equivalents

Nội dung text: Khóa luận A study on expressions of futurity in english in comparison with their vietnamese equivalents

1. HAI PHONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT ISO 9001:2008 GRADUATION PAPER A study ON expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents By: Nguyễn Thị Hồng Nhung Class: NA904 Supervisor: Mai Thuý Phương, M.A HAI PHONG, JUNE - 2009 1
2. Bộ giáo dục và đào tạo Tr•ờng đại học dân lập hải phòng ooo Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinh viên: Mã số: Lớp: Ngành: Tên đề tài: Nhiệm vụ đề tài 2
3. 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp (Về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ) 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp Cán bộ h•ớng dẫn đề tài tốt nghiệp Ng•ời h•ớng dẫn thứ nhất: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: 3
4. Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung h•ớng dẫn: Ng•ời h•ớng dẫn thứ hai: Họ và tên: Học hàm, học vị: Cơ quan công tác: Nội dung h•ớng dẫn: Đề tài tốt nghiệp đ•ợc giao ngày tháng năm 2009 Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành xong tr•ớc ngày tháng năm 2009 Đã nhận nhiệm vụ Đ.T.T.N Đã giao nhiệm vụ Đ.T.T.N Sinh viên Cán bộ h•ớng dẫn đề tài tốt nghiệp Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2009 Hiệu tr•ởng GS.TS.NGƯT. Trần Hữu Nghị Phiếu nhận xét tóm tắt của cán bộ h•ớng dẫn 1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp: 4
5. 2. Đánh giá chất l•ợng của Đ.T.T.N (So với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T.T.N trên các mặt lí luận, thực tiễn, tính toán giá trị sử dụng, chất l•ợng các bản vẽ) 3. Cho điểm của cán bộ h•ớng dẫn: (Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ) Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2009 Cán bộ h•ớng dẫn chính (Họ tên và chữ ký) Nhận xét đánh giá của cán bộ chấm phản biện đề tài tốt nghiệp 1. Đánh giá chất l•ợng đề tài tốt nghiệp về các mặt thu nhập và phân tích số liệu ban đầu, cơ sở lý luận chọn ph•ơng án tối •u, cách tính toán chất l•ợng thuyết minh và bản vẽ, giá trị lý luận và thực tiễn của đề tài. 5
6. 2. Cho điểm của cán bộ phản biện (Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ) Ngày tháng năm 2009 Ng•ời chấm phản biện Table of contents Acknowledgements Part one: Introduction 1 I. Rationale 1 II. Aims of the study 2 6
7. III. Scope of the study 2 IV. Method of the study 3 V. Design of the study 3 Part two: Development 4 Chapter one: Theoretical background 4 4 I. Verb 4 1. Definition 4 2. Types of verb 4 3. Verbal forms 6 II. Lexical verb 6 1. The morphology of lexical verbs 6 Regular lexical verbs 7 Irregular lexical verbs 9 2. Classification of lexical verbs 10 III. Tense and Aspect 10 1. Tense 10 Present 11 Past 11 12 Future 12 13 2. Aspect 13 13 Simple aspect 13 13 Perfect aspect 13 14 Progressive aspect 14 7
8. Perfect progressive 14 14 Chapter two: Expressions of Futurity in English in Comparison with their Vietnamese Equivalents 16 16 I. Expressions of futurity in English 16 16 II. Differences between the expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents 17 16 1. Be going to + infinitive 17 16 1.1. Structure 17 17 1.2. Usage 17 17 2. Simple future 19 19 Structure 19 19 2.2.Usage 21 21 3. Future continuous 25 25 3.1. Structure 25 25 3.2. Usage 26 26 4. Future perfect 30 29 Structure 30 Ơ29 Usage 32 31 5. Future perfect continuous 34 34 Structure 34 34 Usage 36 35 6. Simple present for future 38 37 Structure 38 37 8
9. Usage 39 38 7. Present continuous for future 41 40 Structure 41 40 Usage 41 41 8. Be to + infinitive 43 42 Arrangement or Command 43 42 Contingent future 43 42 Be to + perfect infinitive 43 43 9. Be due to + infinitive 44 43 Be due to 44 43 Other structure 45 44 10. Future time in the past 45 45 Would 46 45 Be going to + infinitive 46 46 Past continuous 47 46 Be to + infinitive 47 46 Be about to + infinitive 48 47 Chapter three: Some Problems Possibly Faced by Vietnamese Learners, Suggestions and Solutions 49 48 I. Possible problems faced by Vietnamese learners 49 48 1. Misusing between Will and Going to 49 48 In terms of showing Intention 49 48 In terms of showing Prediction 50 49 9
10. In terms of showing Conditions 51 50 2. Misusing between Simple Future and Future Continuous 53 52 A Specific time 53 52 Question about somebody’s intention 54 53 Non-continuous verbs/Mixed verbs 54 53 3. Misusage between Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous 55 54 II. Some solutions to overcome the problems 56 55 1. Solutions to problems of misusage between Will and Going to 56 55 2. Solutions to problems of misusage between Simple Future and Future Continuous 58 57 3. Solutions to problems of misusage between Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous 60 59 Part three: Conclusion 62 61 References 63 62 Appendix 64 63 10
11. Part one: Introduction I. Rationale Language is a typical individual feature of each country. It is a mean of communicating and exchanging information, culture, technology, science, etc. However, to communicate and exchange them among country all over the world, it is necessary for people to use a common language. As you know, English is described as global language. It has become increasingly important. In the global integration process, English plays a main role. Thank to English, people can connect each other, then enhance the understanding among the countries in all aspect of life, and together create a developing world. As a result, English step by step becomes the universal language. It is the fact that using English effectively can help everyone to find a good job; therefore, improving the English skills and levels is very necessary for people. That is the reason why English is becoming compulsory subject at all schools. The English curriculum improves learners’ ability to communicate and also fosters a strong liberal arts background, marketable communication skills etc. In the aspects of language, Grammar which plays an important role in governing the use of a given natural language is a field of linguistics. Traditionally, grammar included morphology and syntax; in modern linguistics these subfields are complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. English grammar is a body of rules specifying how meanings are created in English. English grammar is investigated and studied by many grammarians with many aspects, in which the futurity expressions in English are a popular phenomenon. The futurity in English can be express in several different ways depending on context of the surrounding information, semantic, timing, speaker attitude or opinion, etc. These are quite complex to determine. As the literature concerning the 11
12. future in English is wide, it may take many years of study for a learner to accomplish native speaker-like use of these constructions. Furthermore, each language has individual references to the future time. Thus when studying these expressions of futurity in English, many foreign learners, especially Vietnamese learners have difficulties in mastering. Those are the reasons why I want to focus on Expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents. I hope that the study will help Vietnamese learners to understand more clearly and use more effectively these expressions. II. Aims of the study The study is aimed at: Supplying an overall investigation into expressions of futurity in English with focus on form and usage. Figuring out the similarities and differences between these expressions. Identifying some possible problems faced by learners in using these expressions and some solutions. III. Scope of the study I can study about future expressions but in this paper, I only focus on expressions of futurity in English with restrictions on their forms and usage as well as Vietnamese equivalents. Because each langue has its individual grammar, Vietnamese grammar is different from English one. In grammar Vietnamese, the parts such as: ‚tense‛ or ‘aspect‛ are rather unfamiliar; therefore, it is very difficult for Vietnamese learners not to make mistakes when studying future tense, especially expressions of futurity in English. Thus, in this study, what are expressions of futurity in English, their forms & usage as well as Vietnamese equivalents which are made out. 12
13. Effort was made to do this paper as I expect that this study to some extent will provide for those who pay attention to some problems faced by Vietnamese learners when learning Expressions of English futurity. IV. Methods of the study To carry out the study, data are first collected from reliable books and websites then they are analysed to find out the common use of futurity expressions as well as their distinctive meanings. Next to, a comparative study is made between expressions of futurity in English their Vietnamese equivalents (only at level of translating English sentences containing expressions of futurity in English into Vietnamese). The results attained from the comparative study are then analysed in order to find out the basis on which futurity expressions are used and reflect their meanings. Also, some problems are hypothesized and then addressed with certain effective measures to tackle. V. Design of the study The study consists of three main parts, namely: The introduction in which rationale, aims of the study, scope, methods and design are presented The Development includes: Chapter one presenting an overview of verbs and related issues Chapter two elaborating Expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents Chapter three dealing with problems possibly encountered by Vietnamese learners, suggestions and solutions to these problems The conclusion, in which related issues in the study are summed up and some suggestions for further study are presented. 13
14. Part two: development Chapter one: Theoretical background I. Verb 1. Definition Verb is the part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being. (www.grammar.about.com) 2. Types of verb There are various ways in which will be necessary to classify verbs. According to Quirk (1994: 25) basing on the functions of verb phrases, they are classified into - Lexical walk, write, play, etc - Auxiliary 1/ Primary be, do, have 2/ Modal can, may, could, etc 3. Verbal forms According to Quirk (1994: 25), many English verbs have five forms: the BASE, the –s FORM, the PAST, the –ING PARTICIPLE, and the –ED PARTICIPLE. Example of these forms and an indication of their functions are given in the table below. Regular lexical verbs have the same -ed inflection for both the past tense and the -ed participle (called). Irregular lexical verb forms vary from three (e.g.: put, puts, putting) to eight (be, am, are, was, were, being, been). The modal auxiliaries are defective in not having infinitive (* to may), -ing participle (* maying), -ed participle (* mayed), or imperative (* may!) 14
15. Form Symbol E.g. Function (1) base V Call (a) all the present tense except 3rd person Drink singular: I/you/we/they call every day Put (b) subjunctive: He demanded that she call and see him (c) the bare infinitive: He may call; and the to infinitive: He wants her to call (2) –s form(3rd V-s Calls 3rd person singular present tense: person Drinks He/she/it calls every day singular Puts present) (3) past V-ed1 Called Past tense: He called yesterday Drank Put (4) –ing V-ing Calling (a) progressive aspect (be + V-ing): He’s participle Drinking calling in a moment (present Putting (b) in –ing participle clauses: Calling participle) early, I found her at home (5) –ed V-ed2 Called (a) perfective aspect (have + V-ed2): He participle (past Drunk has drunk the water participle) Put (b) passive voice (be + V-ed2): He is called Jack (c) in –ed participle clauses: Called early, he had a quick breakfast The abbreviation V-ed will be used to where V-ed1 has the same form as V-ed2. 15
16. II. Lexical verbs 1. The morphology of lexical verbs According to Quirk, R. et. al. (1994: 27), we will consider lexical verbs under two heads: regular (such as call) and irregular (such as drink). In all of them, the –s form and –ing participle are predictable from the base form. They different in that the –ed1, and –ed2 forms in irregular verbs cannot be predicted from the base. Regular lexical verbs Regular lexical verbs have the following forms: V Base Call Like Try V-ing -ing participle Calling Liking Trying V-s -es Form Calls Likes Tries V-ed Past/ -ed Participle Called Liked Tried The -ing and -s forms The -ing form is straightforward addition to the base Push – pushing sleep – sleeping The –s form is also predictable from the base. It has three spoken realizations: /iz/, /z/, and /s/, and two spellings, -s and -es. (1) Pronounced /iz/ after bases ending in voiced or voiceless sibilant and spelled -es unless the base already ends in –e: Pass – passes budge - budges Buzz – buzzes push – pushes (2) Pronounced /z/ and spelled -s after bases ending in other voiced sounds: Call – calls rob – robs flow – flows 16
17. (3) Pronounced /s/ and spelled -s after bases ending in other voiceless sounds: Cut – cuts lock – locks sap – saps The past and the -ed participle The past (V-ed1) and the -ed participle (V-ed2) regular verbs (spelling -ed unless the base ends in -e) have three spoken realizations: /id/ after bases ending in /d/ and /t/: Pad – padded pat – patted /d/ after bases ending in voiced sounds other then /d/: /t/ after bases ending in voiceless sounds other than /t/: Pass – passed pack – packed Irregular lexical verbs Irregular verbs have a varying number of distinct forms. Since the -s and -ing forms are predictable for regular and irregular verbs alike, the only forms that need be listed for irregular verbs are the base (V), the past (V-ed1), and the past participle (V-ed2). Most irregular verbs have, like regular verbs, only one common variation in this respect, as the table shows: BASE V-ed1 V-ed2 All like Cut Cut Cut V-ed1 = V-ed2 Meet Met Met V= V-ed2 Come Came Come All different Speak Spoke Spoken Classification Class 1: V-ed1 is identical with V-ed2 17
18. Suffixation is used but voicing is variable Vowel identify in all the parts V V-ed V V-ed Burn Burnt Bend Bent smell smelt make made Class 2: V-ed1 is identical with V-ed2 Suffixation is used but voicing is variable Change of base vowel V V-ed V V-ed Creep Crept Catch Caught dream dreamt say said Class 3: All three parts V, Ved1, and V-ed2 are identical No suffix of change of the base vowel V and V-ed V and V-ed V and V-ed Bet (r) Knit (r) Shut Class 4: V-ed1 is identical with V-ed2 No suffixation Change of base vowel V V-ed V V-ed Meet Met Sit Sat Dig Dug fight Fought 18
19. Class 5: V-ed1 is regular; V-ed2 has two forms, one regular, the other nasal. V V-ed1 V-ed2 V V-ed1 V-ed2 Hew Hewed Hewn (R) Shear Sheared Shorn (R) Mow Mowed Mown (R) Swell Swelled Swollen (R) Class 6: V-ed1 and V-ed2 are irregular, the latter always suffixed and usually with -(e)n. There are subclasses as follows: A: V-ed1 and V-ed2 have the same vowel B: V and V-ed2 have the same vowel C: all three parts have different vowels D: all three parts have the same vowel E: V-ed1 and V-ed2 have different vowels. V V-ed1 V-ed2 V V-ed1 V-ed2 A Break Broke Broken C Drive Drove Driven A Wear Wore Worn D Beat Beat Beaten B Shake Shook Shaken E Dive Dove Driven Class 7: V-ed1 and V-ed 2 are irregular; there is no suffixation but there is always some vowel change. V V-ed1 V-ed2 Begin Began Begun Come Came Come 2. Classification of lexical verbs There are four ways to classify lexical verbs. According to: 19
20. Progressive aspectual contrast 2 types: Dynamic verbs Stative verbs The relationship between Verbs and other sentence elements: 2 types: Intensive verbs. For example: She is beautiful Extensive verbs. For Example: She dislikes apples Word-formation (morphologically): 3 types: Simple verbs: run, go, drive, etc Derive verbs: a root and more than an affix enlarge. Compound verbs: undergo, undertake, etc Verb complementation: 5 types: Intensive: SVC, SVA Intransitive: SV Monotransitive: SVO Ditransitive: SVOO Complextransitive: SVOC, SVOA III. Tense and Aspect 1. Tense Time is a universal, non-linguistic concept with three divisions: past, present and future; by tense we understand the correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time. In English, there are three basic tenses: past, present and future. 1.1. Present 20
21. We need distinguish three basic types of present: Timeless, expressed with the simple present form: - I (always) write with a special pen (when I sign my name) (Quirk 1994: 40) As well as expressing habitual action as here, the timeless present is used for universal statements such as: - The sun sets in the west (Quirk 1994: 40) - Spiders have eight legs (Quirk 1994: 40) Limited, expressed with the present progressive: - I am writing (on this occasion) with a new pen (since I have mislaid my ordinary one) (Quirk 1994: 40) Instantaneous, expressed with either the simple (especially in a series) or the progressive form: - As you see, I am dropping the stone into the water. (Quirk 1994: 41) 1.2. Past An action in the past may be seen: As having taken place at a particular point of time: - I wrote my letter of 16 June 1972 with a special pen (Quirk 1994: 41) As over period extending up to the present: 21
22. - I have written with a special pen since 1972 (Quirk 1994: 41) As over period relating to only past having been completed: - I wrote with a special pen from 1969 to 1972 (Quirk 1994: 41) As over period to past, not having been completed: - I was writing poetry with a special pen (Quirk 1994: 41) 1.3. Future According to Quirk (1994: 46) there is no obvious future tense in English, future time is rendered by means of modal auxiliaries, semi-auxiliaries, simple present forms or progressive forms. For examples: - They will have finished their book by next year (Modal auxiliary: will) (Quirk 1994: 47) - When are you going to get married? (Be going to + infinitive) (Quirk 1994: 47) - He is moving to London (Present progressive) (Quirk 1994: 47) - What time is the football match? (Simple present) (Quirk 1994: 48) - We are to be married soon (Be to + infinitive) (Quirk 1994: 49) - The time was not far off when he would regret this decision. (Future time in the past) (Quirk 1994: 49) 22
23. 2. Aspect Aspect refers to the nature of the action described by the verb. There are four aspects: indefinite (or simple), complete (or perfect), continuing (or progressive) and perfect continuous. 2.1 . Simple aspect The simple aspect, which is the base form of the verb- is often used, on the other hand, to describe permanent actions or events: - The children are very naughty. (BBC World Service Learning English Ask about English.com) This example we use the simple aspect of the present tense of the verb ‚to be‛, in which the children’s naughtiness is not seen as a temporary event, but as a permanent state. They are not going though a naughty stage – they are always naughty! Again, you have shown your perspective on the duration of the event, the naughtiness, by choosing the simple aspect, ‚are naughty‛. 2.2 . Perfect aspect Have + V-ed The perfect aspect is expressed with the auxiliary have and the third form of the verb, which is also called the past participle. Depending on the time of the action, we use the past, present or modal + infinitive form of have. The perfect aspect expresses that the action had, has or will have been completed by a particular point of time. This point of time can be defined by a time expression or a clause (by 5 o'clock, by the time she gets home). - I've never been to China. - By 5 o'clock he had finished the letter. 23
24. - Kevin will have done the ironing by the time Susan gets home. (English grammar.com) 2.3 . Continuous aspect Be + V-ing The continuous aspect is expressed with the auxiliary be and the -ing form of the verb, which is also called the present participle. Depending on the time of the action, we use the past, present or modal + infinitive form of be. The continuous aspect expresses that the action was, is or will be in progress at a particular point of time or over a period of time. A point of time can be defined by a time expression (now, at 5 o'clock) or a clause (when I came home,). For a period of time we can also use a time expression (all day yesterday) or a clause (while she was reading). - Are you enjoying yourself? - At 5 o'clock I was sitting on the bus. - When I came home, she was sleeping. - While she was reading, George was doing the dishes. (English grammar.com) 2.4 . Perfect continuous aspect Have been + V-ing This is not an aspect in itself but the combination of the perfect and continuous aspects. Depending on the time of the action, we use the past, present, modal + infinitive form of have. The perfect continuous means that the action had, has or will have been in progress for some time at a particular point of time. This point of time can be defined by a time expression or a clause (at 5 o’clock, when she gets home). 24
25. - I have been waiting for this moment all my life. - At 5 o’clock he had been writing his homework for an hour. - When she gets home, Kevin will have been sleeping for hours. (English grammar.com) 25
26. Chapter two: Expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents III. Expressions of futurity in English Future tense is the tense or time form of a verb used to refer to an event or occurrence that has not yet happened or is expected to happen in the future. In English, there is no obvious future tense corresponding to the time/tense relation for present and past. Instead there are several possibilities for denoting future time. However, each expression of futurity has an individual feature so it is not easy to distinguish. Some expressions are the followings: 11. Be going to + infinitive 12. Simple future/ will 13. Future continuous 14. Future perfect 15. Future perfect continuous 16. Simple present for future 17. Present continuous for future 18. Be to + infinitive 19. Be due to + infinitive 20. Future time in the past These expressions in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents there are no change. They will be made out clearly in the next in this chapter. IV. Differences between the expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents 1. Be going to + infinitive 26
27. 1.1. Structure Positive sentences: Subject Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb Verb + + I/he etc. am/is/are going to go/take etc. - This team is definitely going to win the competition. (English tenses with catoon.com) Questions (interrogative sentences): Auxiliary verb Subject Auxiliary verb Verb + + + Am/is/are I/he etc. going to go/take etc. - I can see dark clouds in the sky. Is it going to rain? (English tenses with catoon.com) Negative sentences: Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Verb I/he etc. am not/isn’t/aren’t going to go/take - The Government is not going to lower the taxes. (English tenses with catoon.com) 1.2. Usage This construction denotes ‚future fulfillment of the present‛. Look at more carefully, be going to has some more specific meanings: Future of present intention: This meaning, be going to is used chiefly with personal subjects. 27
28. - When are you going to get married? (Quirk 1994: 47) (Bạn định khi nào kết hôn?) Be going to expresses the idea that someone plans/intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan/intention is realistic or not. - A: When are we going to meet each other tonight? (Tối nay mấy giờ chúng ta sẽ gặp nhau?) - B: We are going to meet at 6 PM. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) (Chúng ta sẽ gặp nhau lúc 6 giờ.) - I am going to read this book. (That's why I have borrowed it.) (www.the web of English grammar.com/grammaring.htm) (Tôi sẽ đọc quyển sách này.) Future of present cause You can use going to predict future events which are very near. This use is impersonal, i.e. independent of the speaker's opinion. There is usually a sign or evidence of the future event in the present. This meaning is found with both personal and non-personal subjects. Studying the following example: - Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain. (the clouds are there now) (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) (Hãy nhìn những đám mây đen kia! Trời sắp m•a rồi.) This example does not show that the speaker wants it to rain on purpose because there is a clearly present cause, i.e. that the present indications (black clouds) suggest it will rain. The other: 28
29. - I am going to faint. (It is hot and I am already feeling sick.) (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) (Tôi sắp ngất rồi.) No in the main clause of conditional sentences. Be going to is not generally used in the main clause of conditional sentences, will/’ll or shall being preferred instead: - If you leave now, you’ll never regret it. (Quirk 1994: 47) (Nếu nh• bạn đi ngay bây giờ, bạn sẽ không bao giờ phải hối tiếc.) Contracted to gonna in spoken English Gonna is a contraction of going to in spoken English. - I’m gonna buy a new computer. (www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/tenses) (Tôi định mua một cái vi tính mới) 2. Simple Future/Will The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will. 2.1. Structure The structure of the simple future tense is: Subject + Auxiliary verb Will + Main verb invariable Base will V1 29
30. For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense: Subject Auxiliary verb Main verb + I will open the door + You will finish before me - She will not be at school tomorrow - We will not leave yet ? Will he arrive on time? ? Will they want dinner? When we use the simple future tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb: I will I'll you will you'll he will he'll she will she'll it will it'll we will we'll they will they'll For negative sentences in the simple future, we contract with won't, like this: 30
31. I will not I won't you will not you won't he will not he won't she will not she won't it will not it won't we will not we won't they will not they won't We sometimes use shall instead of will in 1st person only, chiefly BrE. 2.2. Usage No Plan We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. In this usage, will often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use will to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use will when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use will not or won't when we refuse to voluntarily do something. Offer: - Come on, Tim, I'll help you carry those bags. (seeing that your friend is struggling with his luggage) - A: I need some money. (Tôi cần ít tiền.) - B: Don’t worry. I’ll lend you some. 31
32. (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) (Đừng lo. Tôi sẽ cho anh m•ợn.) Request: - A: You know that book I lend you? Can I have it back? (Bạn còn nhớ cuốn sách tôi cho bạn m•ợn chứ? Tôi có thể lấy lại chứ?) - B: Of couse. I’ll bring back this afternoon. (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) (Tất nhiên rồi. Tôi sẽ mang trả bạn chiều nay.) - Will you wait for me this evening? (www.leuchong.com/pag/Default.asp?Menu ID=1&Prog ID=14&Grammar ID=182) (Tối nay bạn đợi tôi nhé?) Will for requests is quite strong and often used when the expected answer is "Yes". Otherwise can is more polite: "Can you wait for me this evening?" To express a promise Will is usually used in promises. For examples: - Thank you for lending me the money. I’ll pay you back on Friday. (Cảm ơn bạn đã cho tôi m•ợn tiền. Tôi sẽ trả lại bạn vào thứ sáu.) - I promise I’ll phone you as soon as arrive. (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) (Tôi hứa sẽ gọi cho bạn ngay khi tôi tới nơi.) Prediction 32
33. We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples: - A: Who do you think will win the election? (Bạn nghĩ Đảng nào sẽ đắc cử?) - B: I'm not sure but I think the current party will win. (Tôi không chắc nh•ng theo tôi Đảng cầm quyền sẽ đắc cử.) Will gives the similar meanings of other expressions for logical necessity and habitual present. The contracted form ’ll is common.  Specific prediction: The game will be finished by now (Quirk, 1994:54) (Trận đấu sẽ kết thúc ngay bây giờ )  Timeless prediction: Oil will float on water (Quirk, 1994:54) (Dầu sẽ nổi trên mặt n•ớc)  Habitual prediction: He’ll (always) talk for hours if you give him the chance (Quirk, 1994:54) (Nếu nh• bạn cho anh ta cơ hội, anh ta sẽ nói hàng giờ liền) Using with some words We often use will with: 33
34. Probably, most I will probably be home late this evening. likely (Chiều nay có thể tôi sẽ về nhà trễ.) I think Tom will like the present you bought for him. (I) think (Tôi nghĩ rằng Tom sẽ thích món quà mà anh đã mua tặng anh ấy) Don’t worry about the exam. I am sure you’ll pass. (I'm) sure (Đừng lo lắng về kỳ thi. Tôi chắc chắn là bạn sẽ đỗ mà.) I wonder (if, I wonder what will happen. what, etc.) (Tôi tự hỏi điều gì sẽ xảy ra.) I haven’t seen Carol today. I expect she’ll phone this evening. I expect (Hôm nay tôi không gặp Carol. Tôi mong tối nay cô ấy sẽ gọi điện cho tôi.) Be When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. For examples: - I'll be in London tomorrow. (Ngày mai tôi sẽ đến Luân Đôn.) - Will you be at work tomorrow? (www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses) (Ngày mai bạn có đi làm không?) Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used. 34
35. - When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not correct - When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) 3. Future Continuous 3.1. Structure Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." These forms are usually interchangeable. Form Future Continuous with "Will": subject + auxiliary verb WILL + auxiliary verb BE + main verb invariable invariable present participle will be base + ing For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between will and be. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future continuous tense: subject auxiliary auxiliary main verb verb verb + I will be working at 10am. + You will be lying on a beach tomorrow. - She will not be using the car. - We will not be having dinner at home. ? Will you be playing football? ? Will they be watching TV? 35
36. We sometimes use shall instead of will in 1st person only, chiefly BrE. Form Future Continuous with ‚Be going to‛: Subject Auxiliary Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb + verb + verb + verb + Be Going to Be invariable invariable Present participle am/is/are going to be basing +verb For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between be and going to. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and be. Look at these example sentences with the future continuous tense: subject auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary main verb verb verb verb + I am going to be working at 10 am _ She is not going to be using the car ? Are they going to be watching TV? 3.2. Usage It is possible to use either will or be going to to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning. Interrupted Action in the Future 36
37. Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Study the following examples: - I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. (Tối nay khi tôi đang xem ti vi cô ấy sẽ đến.) - I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. (www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses) (Xe buýt của bạn sẽ đến khi tôi đang đợi bạn) Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in underlines) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses. Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future In use described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. For examples: Tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm: At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working. past present Future >4pm< At 4pm, I will be in the middle of working (www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses) - At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert. We will be in the process of driving through the desert. 37
38. Parallel Actions in the Future When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. For examples: - I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. (Tôi đang học còn anh ấy thì đang nấu bữa tối.) - Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) (Tối nay họ sẽ đang ăn tối, cùng thảo luận kế hoạch và có một khoảng thời gian thật sự vui vẻ.) Atmosphere in the Future In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future. For example: - When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) (Tôi sẽ đến buổi tiệc lúc mọi ng•ời đang làm lễ kỷ niệm. Một số đang khiêu vũ. Những ng•ời khác thì đang nói chuyện. Một vài ng•ời ăn pizza, những ng•ời còn lại đang uống bia. Tất cả đều làm những việc giống nhau.) Sympathetic predictions about people's feelings The Future Continuous is also used to make sympathetic predictions about people's feelings. For examples: - You'll be feeling hungry after a hard day's work. 38
39. (www.leuchong.com/pag/Default.asp?Menu ID=1&Prog ID=14&Grammar ID=182) (Chắc hẳn bạn đang cảm thấy đói sau một ngày làm việc vất vả) Polite questions about somebody's intentions You use the Future Continuous to simply learn about somebody’s intentions without your influence on his decision or to check information. For examples: - Will you be coming home? (www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/tenses) (Bạn có định về nhà không?) - Will you be having lunch with us? (www.leuchong.com/pag/Default.asp?Menu ID=1&Prog ID=14&Grammar ID=182) (Bạn có định ăn tối với chúng tôi không?) Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used. - While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not correct - While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) 4. Future Perfect 4.1. Structure Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." These forms are usually interchangeable. Form Future Perfect with "Will": subject + auxiliary verb WILL + auxiliary verb HAVE + main verb 39
40. invariable invariable past participle will have V3 For negative sentences in the future perfect tense, we insert not between will and have. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future perfect tense: subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb + I will have finished by 10am. + You will have forgotten me by then. - She will not have gone to school. - We will not have left. ? Will you have arrived? ? Will they have received it? In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together: I will have I’ll have I’ll’ve You will have You’ll have You’ll’ve He will have He’ll have He’ll’ve She will have She’ll have She’ll’ve It will have It’ll have It’ll’ve We will have We’ll have We’ll’ve They will have They’ll have They’ll’ve We sometimes use shall instead of will in 1st person only, chiefly BrE. 40
41. Form Future Perfect with ‚Be going to‛ subject + Auxiliary + Auxiliary + Auxiliary + Main verb verb verb verb BE GOING TO HAVE invariable invariable Past participle am/is/are going to have V3 For negative sentences in the future perfect tense, we insert not between be and going to. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and be. Look at these example sentences with the future perfect tense: subject auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary main verb verb verb verb + I am going to have finished by 10 am - We are not going to have left ? Are they going to have received it 4.2. Usage: It is possible to use either will or be going to to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning. Completed Action Before Something in the Future The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future. - The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left. 41
42. The train will have left when you arrive past present future Train leaves in future at 9am 9 9.15 You arrive in future at 9.15am (www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses) Other examples: - Helena will have finished the work by Wednesday. (Đến thứ t• Helena sẽ hoàn thành công việc.) - I will have cleaned the room before the guests arrive. (Tôi sẽ dọn nhà xong tr•ớc khi khách đến.) - They will have eaten breakfast by the time he gets up. (Khi mà anh ấy dậy họ sẽ ăn xong bữa sáng.) - I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) (Tôi sẽ không làm xong đ•ợc bài kiểm tra này vào lúc 3 giờ.) In these examples, the use of the Future Perfect indicates that the actions of finishing the work, cleaning the room, and finishing the test will have been completed before the coming of Wednesday, the arrival of the guests, and the coming of 3 o’clock take place. Notice in the examples above that the reference points (mark in underlines) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses. 42
43. Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs) With Non-continuous verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future. Examples: - I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave. (Đến khi tôi rời khỏi Luân Đôn tôi sẽ sống ở đó đ•ợc 6 tháng.) - By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) (Đến thứ hai tôi sẽ đọc quyển sách này đ•ợc 1tuần.) Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are Not Non- continuous verbs. Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used. Examples: - I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not correct - I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) 43
44. 5. Future Perfect Continuous 5.1. Structure Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and "be going to have been doing." These forms are usually interchangeable. Form Future Perfect Continuous with "Will" subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb + + + + WILL HAVE BE invariable invariable past participle will have been base+ ing For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we insert not between will and have. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future perfect continuous tense: subject auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary main verb verb verb verb + I will have been working for four hours. + You will have been traveling for two days. - She will not have been using the car. - We will not have been waiting long. ? Will you have been playing football? ? Will they have been watching TV? Form Future Perfect Continuous with "Be going to" 44
45. subject auxiliary auxiliary verb auxiliary auxiliary verb main verb verb Be Going To verb Have Be present invariable invariable past participle present participle am/is/are going to have been base+ ing For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we insert not between be and going to. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and be. Look at these example sentences with the future perfect continuous tense: subject auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary main verb verb verb verb verb You are going to have been traveling for two + days - We are not going to have been waiting long ? Are they going to have been watching TV 5.2 . Usage It is possible to use either will or be going to to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning. Duration Before Something in the Future We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future. 45
46. Examples: - By next January, she will have been living here for a year. (Đến tháng 1, cô ấy sẽ sống ở đây đ•ợc 1 năm.) - They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) (Khi mà Thomas đến họ đang nói chuyện khoảng hơn 1 tiếng.) - He is going to have been working for ten months by the time he takes his vacation. (Đến lúc bắt đầu kỳ nghỉ, anh ấy sẽ làm việc đ•ợc 10 tháng.) In these examples, the use of the Future Perfect Continuous indicates that the Continuous, ongoing actions of living, talking, and working, will have been completed before the events of the coming of January, Thomas’s arriving, and his taking a vacation, and take place. Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in underlines) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clause, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses. Cause of Something in the Future Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect. For examples: - Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour. (Vì Jason đi bộ hơn 1 tiếng nên khi trở về nhà anh ấy sẽ bị mệt.) - Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) 46
47. (Vì Claudia học Tiếng Anh ở Mỹ hơn 2 năm nên Tiếng Anh của cô ấy sẽ hoàn thiện khi mà trở về Đức.) Like all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous is used. For examples: - You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not Correct - You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed- Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Future Perfect. For examples: - Ned will have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct - Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) 6. Simple present for future 6.1. Structure Positive sentences: Subject Verb(s, es) + I/a dog etc. go(es)/take(s) 47
48. The last plane to Zuerich leaves at 20.20. Questions (interrogative sentences): Auxiliary verb Subject Base verb + + Do/does I/a dog etc. go/take Does the last plane to Zuerich leave at 20.20? Negative sentences: Subject Auxiliary verb +not Base verb + + I/a dog etc. don’t/doesn’t go/take The last plane to Zuerich doesn’t leave at 20.20. 6.2. Usage In subordinate clauses The simple present is regularly used in subordinate clauses that are conditional (introduced by if, unless, etc) or temporal (introduced by as soon as, before etc.). - What will you say if I marry my boss? (Quirk 1994: 48) (Bạn sẽ nói sao nếu tôi lấy sếp?) - The guests will be drunk before they leave. (Quirk 1994: 48) (Tr•ớc khi ra về những vị khách này sẽ bị say.) In main clause 48
49. The use of the simple present in main clauses may be said to represent a marked future aspect of unusual certainty, in that it attributes to the future something of the positiveness one normally associates wit present and past events.  For statements about the calendar - Yesterday was Monday, today is Tuesday, and tomorrow is Wednesday (Quirk 1994: 48) (Hôm qua là thứ hai, hôm nay thứ ba và ngày mai là thứ t•.) - Christmas Eve is on a Tuesday this year. (Năm nay giáng sinh vào thứ t•.)  For immutable events or ‘fixtures’ The Present Simple is used for events that we can not control or are part of a timetable. While the events are in the future, their existence is already established in the present so we use the Present Simple: - When is high tide? (Khi nào thuỷ triều lên?) - What time is the football mach? (Quirk 1994: 48) (Trận bóng đá bắt đầu lúc mấy giờ?) In timetables we use the present simple to refer to an action which is planned and is not likely to change. These are illustrated below: - The last train to Budapest leaves at 19.50. (Chuyến tàu cuối cùng đến Budapest sẽ khởi hành vào 19 giờ 50 phút.) - On day 6 we visit the Pyramids. (www.the web of English grammar.com/grammaring.htm) 49
50. (Vào ngày thứ 6 chúng ta sẽ đến thăm các kim tự tháp.) This is always true (as long as the timetable is valid) and so it may even refer to future time. With dynamic transitional verbs The simple present is often used with dynamic transitional verbs: arrive, come, leave, etc, both having the meaning of "plan‛ or ‚programme‛. For example: - The train leaves tonight from Chicago (Quirk 1994: 48) 7. Present Continuous for Future 7.1. Structure Positive sentences: Subject Auxiliary verb Verb + ing + + I/he etc am/is/are going/taking - I’m having my first driving lesson this week. Questions (interrogative sentences): Auxiliary verb Subject Verb + ing + + Am/is/are I/he etc. going/taking - Are you meeting David today? Negative sentences: Subject Auxiliary verb +not Verb + ing + + I/he etc. am not/isn’t/aren’t going/taking 50
51. - He is not going to school tomorrow. 7.2. Usage The Present Continuous refers to a future happening anticipated in the present. Its basic meaning is ‚fixed arrangement, plan, or programme‛: - He is moving to London (Quirk 1994: 41) (Anh ấy sẽ chuyển đến London) The addition of a future time Since the Continuous is used to denote present as well as future, a time adverbials is often used to clarify in which meaning the verb is being used. - They are washing the dishes now (for present) - They are washing the dishes later (for future) (Quirk 1994: 41) Thus, Present Continuous for future is often used with just the addition of a future time. - Q) What are you doing next week?" A) "I'm working." (Tuần tới bạn sẽ làm gì?- Tôi làm việc.) - Q) What's he doing tomorrow?" A) "He's playing tennis." (Anh ấy sẽ làm gì vào ngày mai?- Anh ấy chơi tennis.) With dynamic transitional verbs The Present Continuous is especially frequent with dynamic transitional verbs like arrive, come, go, land, start, stop, etc, which refer to transition between two states or positions. For examples: - The plane is taking off at 5.20 51
52. (Quirk 1994: 47) (Máy bay sẽ cất cánh lúc 5 giờ.) - The President is coming to the UN this week (Quirk 1994: 47) (Tổng thống sẽ có chuyến viếng thăm Hoa Kỳ vào tuần này.) 8. Be to + infinitive This expresses arrangement, command, future events, or contingent future. 8.1. Arrangement or Command. We use be to + infinitive when discussing formal or official arrangements or commands. For examples: - The Prime Minister is to visit Pakistan next month. (Thủ t•ớng sẽ có chuyến viếng thăm Pakistan vào tháng sau.) - I don't mind her going to Ruth's party but she's not to be back late. (Tôi không quan tâm việc cô ấy đến buổi tiệc nh•ng cô ấy không đ•ợc về nhà muộn.) (www.the web of English grammar.com/grammaring.htm) 8.2. Contingent future (in conditional sentences) We often use be to + infinitive in the if-clause in conditional sentences when talking about preconditions for something to happen. Study the following: - If we are to catch that train, we shall have to leave now. (Nếu chúng ta muốn bắt kịp chuyến tàu đó thì chúng ta phải đi ngay bây giờ.) - If I were to increase my offer from five hundred to five hundred and fifty pounds, would you be interested in selling me your car then? (www.BBCWorldServiceLearningEnglish.com) 52
53. (Nếu tôi trả thêm 15 pounds từ 500 lên 515 pounds, ông có đồng ý bán cho tôi chiếc xe không?) 8.3. Be to + perfect infinitive Note that although this structure is used to talk about current and future arrangements and events, it is configurated in present - see the above examples. However, be to + perfect infinitive is sometimes used to show that a planned event did not materialize. Study the following: - They were to have picked strawberries this morning, but the torrential overnight rain made the field too muddy. (Lẽ ra sáng nay họ sẽ đi hái dâu nh•ng cơn m•a nh• trút đêm qua đã làm cả cánh đồng bị lầy lội.) - Sammy was to have married Sarah but then Jamie came along and the engagement ring he had given her was returned. (Lẽ ra Sammy sẽ c•ới Sarah nh•ng rồi Jamie đã đến và rồi Sarah đã trả lại chiếc nhẫn cho anh ấy.) (www.BBCWorldServiceLearningEnglish.com) 9. Be due to + infinitive 9.1. Be due to We can use this structure for actions happening at scheduled times. - The film is due to start in 2 minutes. (www.the web of English grammar.com/grammaring.htm) (2 phút nữa bộ phim sẽ bắt đầu.) - Half of our employees are due to retire in five years (www.the web of English grammar.com/grammaring.htm) (5 năm nữa một nửa số ng•ời lao động sẽ nghỉ h•u.) 53
54. This structure can express actions that should happen by a certain time: - You are due to hand in your home papers by the end of the month. (www.the web of English grammar.com/grammaring.htm) (Cuối tháng này em sẽ phải nộp vở học ở nhà.) Be due to + infinitive can be used to express scheduled events in the past which may or may not have happened: - The train was due to arrive in a few minutes. (www.the web of English grammar.com/grammaring.htm) (Tàu sẽ đến trong vòng 5 phút nữa.) 9.2. Other structures Be about to + infinitive, this structure expresses near future, ie imminent fulfillment. - Hurry up! The ceremony is about to begin! (Quirk199:41) (Nhanh lên! Buổi lễ sắp bắt đầu rồi.) Be to may enclose other items such as shortly or soon to provide a means of future expression: with other items again (bound, liable, certain, (un)likely), future expression is overlaid with modal meaning: - He is certain to address the meeting (= It is certain that he will address ) (Quirk199: 41) - He is bound to be at home at 5. (= I'm sure he will be at home at 5.) (www.the web of English grammar.com/grammaring.htm) 54
55. 10. Future time in the past Future in the Past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past has following forms: 10.1. Would Will – Past form Would is used as the past form of will to volunteer, promise, and make predictions about the future in the past.  Future predictions - He'll call you tomorrow. (A future prediction made now.) (Ngày mai anh ấy sẽ gọi bạn.) - He said he'd call you tomorrow. (A prediction made in the past) (Anh ấy đã nói là ngày mai sẽ gọi bạn.) - They'll arrive at 7.00. (Prediction made now) (Họ sẽ đến lúc 7 giờ.) - They told me they would arrive at 7.00. (Prediction made in the past) (www.leuchong.com/pag/Default.asp?Menu ID=1&Prog ID=14&Grammar ID=182) (Họ đã nói với tôi rằng họ sẽ đến lúc 7 giờ.)  Voluntary action or promise - I knew Julie would make dinner. (Voluntary Action) (Tôi đã biết Julie sẽ nấu bữa tối.) - He promised he would send a postcard from Egypt. (Promise) (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) (Anh ấy đã hứa là sẽ gửi1 cái b•u ảnh từ Ai Cập về.) 55
56. 10.2. Be going to + infinitive Was/were going to is used to plan or make predictions about the future in the past. Unfulfilled intention We use was/were going to to say something had already been planned in the past (but it was not done). - We were going to travel by train but then we decided to go by car. (Chúng tôi đã dự định đi du lịch bằng xe lửa nh•ng rồi lại quyết định đi bằng xe hơi.) - I was just going to cross the road when someone shouted "Stop". (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) (Tôi vừa dự định qua đường thì người nào đó đã la lên ‚Dừng lại’) Future prediction - I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be a disaster. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) (Tôi đã có cảm giác rằng kỳ nghỉ này sẽ là một tai hoạ.) 10.3. Past continuous - I was meeting him in Bordeaux the next day. (Quirk, 1994: 49) (Ngày mai tôi sẽ gặp anh ấy ở Bordeaux.) 10.4. Be to + infinitive (formal = ‘was destined’, ‘was arranged’) - He was later to regret his decision. (Quirk, 1994: 49) (Đã muộn để anh ấy hối tiếc về quyết định của mình.) 56
57. - The meeting was to be held the following week. (Quirk, 1994: 49) (Cuộc họp sẽ đ•ợc tổ chức vào tuần tới.) 10.5. Be to - He was about to hit me (Quirk, 1994: 49) (Anh ấy sắp đánh tôi.) Like all future forms, Future in the Past cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of using Future in the Past, you must use Simple Past. - I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for dinner. Not Correct - I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. Correct (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) 57
58. Chapter three: Some problems possibly faced by Vietnamese learners, suggestions and solutions I. Possible problems faced by Vietnamese learners 1. Misusing between Will and Going to Will and Going to are the two most common ways of expressing the future. Because they are similar in many aspects, sometimes foreign learners, especially Vietnamese learners are confused when using them; therefore, misapplying these future forms is understandable. Let’s consider these problems: 1.1. In terms of showing Intention Both will and going to are used for intention, so it is very easy to misuse. Study the following situation: Helen’s bike was broken. She said to her father: - Helen: My bicycle has a flat tyre. Can you repair it for me? - Father: Okay, bit I can’t do it now. I will repair it tomorrow. Why is will but not going to used in the situation? We use will when we decide to do something at the speaking time. Before that the speaker has not decided yet. Before Helen tells her father about her broken bicycle, he did not know this problem. After that, her mother said to her father: - Mother: Can you repair Helen’s bicycle? It has a flat tyre. - Father: Yes, I know. She told me, I’m going to repair it tomorrow. (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) 58
59. In the above situation, we can see that going to is used to say what the speaker has already decided to do. Helen’s father decided to repair the bicycle before his wife says that. Other situation: While Tom was cooking the meal, he accidentally saw that salt ran out of: - Tom: Ann, we haven’t got any salt. - Ann: Oh, haven’t we? I’ll get some from the shop then. (She decides at this time of speaking). Before leaving the house, she said to Jim: - Ann: I’m going to get some salt from shop. (She has already decided) Can I get you anything, Jim? (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) When referring to the future, we often say something somebody has planned to do. This case we must use going to (not use will): - Alex is going to get married next month. - Tom is going to play tennis on Monday. - What are you going to do tomorrow evening? (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) 1.2. In terms of showing Prediction Will and going to are both used for prediction to say something we think will happen in the future; however, there is little difference in meaning. Compare: - It will be sunny this afternoon. (A general prediction) - It's going to be sunny this afternoon. (Because it's getting warmer now) (www.leuchong.com/pag/Default.asp?Menu ID=1&Prog ID=14&Grammar ID=182) 59
60. According to the above pair of sentences, predictions expressed by will are based on speaker’s intuition and experience but predictions expressed by going to are based on what's happening at the present moment. Furthermore, one of the more important and frequently cited semantic differences between will and going to is the notion of orientation. Will has its orientation firmly in the future, whereas going to has its orientation in the present (the future result of present). These are illustrated below: - The man can not see where he is going. In front of him, there is a hole: He is going to fall into the hole. - Tom: I’m very worried about my examination next week. Ann: Don’t worry, Tom. You’ll pass. (opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) In the first situation, speaker is saying what he is thinking will happen here. Of course, he does not say on purpose that the man plans to fall into the hole. In this situation, there is a present indication about the events for the future: ‚the man is going to the hole‛, which makes the speaker believe on something which is going to happen. In the second, this same present indication is not referred to, and the sentence has a wholly future implication. 1.3. In terms of showing Conditions There are cases where will and going to are very similar in meaning, especially when a time reference is used: - I’ll cook dinner tonight. - I’m going to cook dinner tonight. (www.3.telus.net.liguisticissues/future) 60
61. However, if one considers the following sentences, entirely different connotations are recognised. - Come round to mine. I’ll cook dinner. - Come round to mine. I’m going to cook dinner. (www.3.telus.net.liguisticissues/future) In the first sentence, the cooking of dinner clearly depends on whether the listener comes round. In the second, however, there is no such dependency and the speaker will cook dinner, whether the listener comes round or not. Whether there are present indications or intention in the second is irrelevant in this case, the cooking of dinner will happen anyway. The fact that will is dependent on certain other conditions, which can also be seen in following example: - ‚I’m a little cold‛ ‚Oh I’ll open the window for you‛ (www.3.telus.net.liguisticissues/future) The offer to close the window is based on the condition that another person is cold. If the other person were not cold then this offer would not arise. The use of will in the sentence: ‘Come round to mine. I’ll cook dinner’ can also be seen in another idea. Will in this case is used for decisions made at the time of speaking. Look at our analysis for the use of will in these situations, is this strictly true? All examples which are given in this part 1.3 show that there is a dependency on another condition. Thus, not all decisions made at the time of speaking, will can be used. Consider the following utterance made at the end of a party: - Right, I’m going to go. (www.3.telus.net.liguisticissues/future) 61
62. This is a decision made at the time of speaking. In this case as it stands alone, be going to cannot be substituted for will. If however, a condition is given, only will can be used. - A: ‚I need some milk‛ B: ‚Right, I’ll go‛ (www.3.telus.net.liguisticissues/future) This is based on the condition that if milk is needed the second speaker will get it. 2. Misusing between Simple Future and Future Continuous The usage of Simple Future and the one of Future Continuous are quite different; however, it is easy for some learners misapply the Simple Future and Future Continuous in some following circumstances: 2.1. A specific time When making a sentence in which there is a specific time appearance referring to future time, sometimes the learners are very confused at choosing one of two future forms: Simple Future and Future Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Compare: - Tonight at 6 PM, I will eat dinner. - Tonight at 6 PM, I will be eating dinner. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) What is difference between two above sentences? In both of two sentences, there is the same action: ‚eating dinner‛ at the same specific time: ‚tonight at 6 PM‛. However, because using two different forms (Simple Future and Future Continuous), meanings of two sentences aren’t similar: the (1) can be paraphrased as: I will start eating at 6 PM, and the (2) means that: I will start earlier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 PM. In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time when an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action. 62
63. 2.2. Question about somebody’s intention The Simple Future is often used to show intention; however, in some following instances, instead of this form, we need to use the Future Continuous: If you want to learn about somebody's intentions, you should never use the Future Simple. Using the Future Simple implies that you want to influence somebody's decision. Questions become much more objective if they are formed in the Future Continuous. - Will you come home? (= I want you to come home) - Will you be coming home? (www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/tenses) In other word, the Future Continuous is often used to check information. - Will you be having lunch with us? Compare with the Future Simple, which sounds more like an offer, for example: - Will you have lunch with us? (www.leuchong.com/pag/Default.asp?Menu ID=1&Prog ID=14&Grammar ID=182) 2.3. Non-continuous verbs / Mixed verbs Now and then, when studying the Future Continuous, some learners don’t pay attention to whether the verbs in use are continuous or not. Therefore, it isn’t easy to use the Future Continuous form accurately. For examples: - You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Correct - Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not correct (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) As you see, in two above sentences, there is one correct and one incorrect. Why? Because in the first, there is a normal verb (wait) which is used in Future 63
64. Continuous; in the second, there is a non-continuous verb (be) which is not used in this form. Note that Non-continuous verbs can not be used in the continuous tenses in which there is the Future Continuous. Also, neither can certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed verbs. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Future. - Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not correct - Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) 3. Misusing between Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous We can see that Future Perfect Continuous is often used with a duration, such as, "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday", etc. However, sometimes the many English language learners don’t note that these durations are not so necessary if the Future Perfect Continuous is used to show cause and effect. Therefore, they choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous if there are not these durations. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes the duration of time before something in the future. Study the examples below to understand this difference. Examples: - He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that exact moment in the future. - He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) 64
65. This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment or that he will just have finished. II.Some solutions to overcome the problems 4. Solutions to problems of misusage between Will and Going to As we have seen, differences between will and be going to are very often difficult to determine, due to the fact that exceptions can be found for most ‘rules’. Therefore, to avoid misusing these two future forms we should carry out some following solutions: Firstly, we must take into account whether the sentence used contains spontaneously voluntary decision (using will form) or intentions previously made for future, in other word, prior plans (using going to form). - A: I’m so tired. I’m about to fall sleep. B: I’ll get you some coffee. - A: The phone is ringing. B: I’ll get it. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) Two above examples show clearly that these decisions are made spontaneously at the speaking time and of course we have to choose will. In contrast, we can use only going to in the following sentences: - A: I heard Ann has won a lot of money. What is she going to do with it? B: I’ve heard she’s going to travel round the world. - What time are you going to meet Ann? (www.opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) - I’ve bought a Japanese textbook. I’m going to study Japanese. 65
66. (www.3.telus.net.liguisticissues/future) In three above sentences, the first sentence is that two people talk about the third person’s intention, so it is sure that the third person’s intention (traveling round the world) is previously made. The second is someone’s meeting arrangement. Meeting Ann has been already planned; therefore, the right form for this sentence is going to. The third, the speaker has already study Japanese because there is a present indicator here: he has bought a Japanese textbook. Secondly, we must distinguish clearly these two forms for predicting future. Will has its orientation firmly in the future for predicting based on the speaker’s opinion. In contrary to, going to has its orientation in the present because its prediction is based on the present evidences: - The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) - I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. (I feel terrible now) (www.opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31) Thirdly, ‚will, going to and conditions‛ is also a notable problem. We have to understand that will in use is dependent on external conditions but going to is not. This is illustrated clearly in the below examples: - Come round to mine. I’ll cook dinner. - Come round to mine. I’m going to cook dinner. (www.3.telus.net.liguisticissues/future) In the first, the cooking of dinner clearly depends on whether the listener comes round. In the second; however, there is no such dependency and the speaker will cook dinner, whether the listener comes round or not. 66
67. 5. Solutions to problems of misusage between Simple Future and Future Continuous To correct errors possibly encountered by Vietnamese learners when dealing with Simple Future and Future Continuous effectively, we should pay attention to the following: The first is for a specific time When you make a sentence which refers to the future having a specific time appearance, you should distinguish: if the action is recognized that it will begin or end at this specific time, the Simple Future must be used and if the action is interrupted by this time, the Future Continuous is the best choice. - At midnight tonight, we will drive through the desert. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) At midnight, we will start the process of driving through the desert. - At midnight tonight, we will be driving through the desert. (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) At midnight, we will be in the process of driving through the desert. The second is for question about somebody’s intention We distinguish between question which is about somebody’s intention having your influence and being a polite one. When asking anybody about his intention, if you want his answer to make you satisfied, you should use the Simple Future form; in contrast, if your question is mainly aimed at checking information, of course, the Continuous form is chosen. - Will you make dinner? ( you wants her to make dinner) (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) 67
68. - Will you be making dinner? (Your question is objective. You really don’t want to have any influence on her decision. She will or won’t make dinner, which completely depends on her decision and does not affect you. Thirdly is for Non-continuous verbs It is important to remember that Non-continuous verbs and Mixed verbs (has non- continuous meanings) cannot be used in any Continuous tenses, including the Future Continuous. Therefore, instead of using Future Continuous, you choose Simple Future. - While I am studying at home, my friend will be being in the class. Not correct This sentence is not correct, you will correct it by ejecting to be and turning main verb into infinitive (being > be) - While I am studying at home, my friend will be in the class. Correct To overcome this shortcoming the best way is differentiating three groups in English verbs: Normal verbs, Non-continuous verbs and Mixed verbs. Group I Normal verbs Most verbs are "Normal verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used in all tenses. Group II Non-continuous verbs Verbs in this group are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. They include: Abstract verbs: to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist Possession verbs: to possess, to own, to belong Emotion verbs: to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind 68
69. Group III Mixed verbs The third group, called "Mixed verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings behave like "Non-continuous verbs", while other meanings behave like "Normal verbs". Mixed verbs: to appear, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to think, to weigh For examples: - I have a dollar now. Non-continuous verb (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) I possess a dollar. - I am having fun now. Normal verb (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) I am experiencing fun now. - He thinks the test is easy. Non-continuous verb (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) He considers the test to be easy. - She is thinking about the question. Normal verb (www.englishpage.com/verbpage.htm) She is pondering the question, going over it in her mind. Thus, only paying more attention to three groups in English and distinguish them accurately, misapplying the Future Continuous form seems to be impossible. 6. Solutions to problems of misusage between Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous In case, duration of an activity (since April, for three hours) is unknown in the sentence, to avoid misusing between Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous we had better remember exactly that Future Continuous emphasizes 69
70. interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the future. As a result, both of forms can be used to make sentences expressing the futurity but these sentences surely bring two different meanings. In conclusion, in this chapter, I have dealt with three problems possibly encountered by Vietnamese learners (Misusing between Will and Going to, Misusing between Simple Future and Future Continuous and Misusing between Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous) then suggested and given some solutions. Remembering all rules of these constructions as well as the others referring to the future time, such as, the structures, usages, contexts of the surrounding information, semantic, etc. and the relatives will assist the learners to apply these expressions effectively. 70
71. Part three: conclusion General speaking, to study any foreign language effectively each learner himself must find the most suitable individual measure. Now English is necessary for all people because it has been a global language. However, English in which grammar is rather difficult to learn. The expressions of futurity belong to grammar are also complicated. Because of many structures and usage, these expressions make forms and meaning of sentence more flexible, which causes some problems for learner to master them. Therefore, I choose the topic as ‚Expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents‛. I really hope that this paper will provide learners a comprehensive understanding of how to apply these expressions more effectively. In the study, chapter one presents an overview of verbs and related issues so as to remind readers the fundamental theory. Chapter two elaborates Expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents. In this chapter, I focus on comparing expressions of English futurity (the forms and usage) and how to translate it into Vietnamese. Then, Chapter three deals with problems possibly encountered by Vietnamese learners, suggestions and solutions to these problems. The problems are misapplications (misusing) between Will and Going to, Simple Future and Future Continuous. The graduation paper is carried out carefully, a lot of work is left for the further study such as: the differences among the expressions of futurity in English, in which the usages of the expression are analyzed in detail with the typical examples. Also, some problems are hypothesized and then addressed with certain effective measures to tackle. Because of my knowledge and time allowance, I can’t avoid some shortcomings both in content and the way of presentation. I hope to receive all remark, comments, suggestions and contributions for improvement. They are all highly appreciated. 71
72. References 1. Quirk, R. et. al. (1994). A university grammar of English. A Longman group. 2. 3. http:www.englishgrammar.com 4. 5. 6. ID=1&Prog ID=14&Grammar ID=182 7. 8. 9. Ask about English.mht 10. 11. web of English grammar.com/grammaring.htm 72
73. Appendix I. Choose the correct future form to complete the sentences below. You can use any form who expresses the future meaning. 1. I'm hungry - Oh, I (make) you a sandwich. 2. He (study) Law at Sheffield University next year. 3. Oh darling! I love you so much (you/marry) me? 4. Look at those clouds! It (rain) any minute. 5. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) paperwork and (talk) to annoying customers on the phone, I (lie) on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous? 6. I think he (be) very successful. 7. When (visit) me next year? 8. As soon as she arrives in Manchester, she (give) you a call. 9. Look at those clouds on the horizon! It is (rain) soon. 10. Who do you think (win) the next national elections? 11. I promise you: I (finish) my homework on time next week. 12. Phone me after 8 o’clock. We (finished) dinner by then. 13. I'll take this letter to the post office when I (go) into town this afternoon. 14. I’ve already. I (buy) a new car. 15. Tomorrow after school, I (go) to the beach. 16. By the time you get home I (clean) the house from top to the bottom. 17. He (write) this book for 3 months by the end of this week. 18. Do you want to have the chicken or the beef? 73
74. I think (have) the beef. 19. It’s really hot in here. I (put) on the air-conditioning. 20. What are your plans for the holidays? I (visit) my parents for a few days and then go walking in Scotland. II. Some of the sentences below are Future in the Past and some are examples of other verb forms which look similar but have entirely different meanings. Identify which sentences are Future in the Past and which are not. 1. He was always going to the beach when he was a kid. 2. They knew he was going to go to the beach. 3. She would travel if she had enough money 4. Sam thought he would win the contest. 5. Donna mentioned that she was going to go to Hawaii on vacation. 6. Judy was going to go to the beach when I called. 7. She would always go to class late. 8. She was always going to class late. 9. My parent knew I would go to class late. 10. Sally asked if I was going to go to class late. 11. I told Sue I was having dinner with some friends after work. 12. When I worked there, we were always having production problems. 13. I told Sue I was going to have dinner with some friends after work. 74